You are a constitutional council ranking individual git commits for ownership allocation.

Compare these two commits. Decide which contributed more lasting value to the project.

Judge substance, not spectacle:
- Prefer correct, lasting design and real bugfixes over churn, formatting, renames, or generated noise.
- Prefer clarity and necessity over sheer line count. A small precise change can beat a large diffuse one.
- Do not favor a side merely because its patch is longer or noisier.
- Weight what the change does for the project, not the contributor's name.

Return ONLY a JSON object: {"winner": "A" or "B", "ratio": "N:M", "explanation": "..."}
The explanation must cite concrete differences in the patches (1-3 sentences).

Side A — contributor: tommy-mor
Side A — commit message:
[3b3d5873] item refactor

Side A — unified diff (full patch):
diff --git a/plan.md b/plan.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 00d6867a1e0ed144a16a020ea037f685ce646c73..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/plan.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,155 +0,0 @@
-# Plan: `ItemId` + `RouteContext` (identity vs hrefs)
-
-This document is for **the next agent** to continue the refactor without re-deriving context from chat. It supersedes ad-hoc notes: treat it as the checklist of record until the work lands and this file is deleted or trimmed.
-
-## Goal
-
-- **Identity** (what lives in the reducer graph, votes, indexes) becomes a **structural `ItemId` enum** in `slug-types`, not a canonical `String` / `CanonicalItemUrl` newtype.
-- **Presentation** (tilde / dash display, breadcrumbs) derives from `ItemId` via explicit methods, not string stripping.
-- **Routing** (browser `href`s for public vs room) goes through **`RouteContext`** (started in `server/src/html/routing.rs`) so Maud/handlers do not stitch `/r/…` vs `/~` ad hoc.
-
-**Non-goals for v1 of the migration:** backward-compatible JSONL or dual-read of old canonical strings in the event log (project has accepted breaking changes). If you reintroduce compat, document it here.
-
-## Current state (as of this plan)
-
-- **`CanonicalItemUrl`** (`types/src/paths.rs`): newtype around `String`; `parse` / `parent` / `display_path` / `tilde_tail` / etc. Reducer `ContentState`, `VoteData`, ranking, RPC, search, garden, breadcrumbs all use it or `String` keys derived from it.
-- **`ThreadNav`** (`server/src/html/forum/nav.rs`): encodes scope prefixes for threads and garden URLs; **`RouteContext`** now wraps `ThreadNav` (`server/src/html/routing.rs`, re-exported from `server/src/html/mod.rs`) but **most HTML still takes `&ThreadNav` directly** — migration incomplete.
-- **URL normalization** lives in `types/src/url_normalize.rs` + `canonicalize_item` / `finalize_external_identity_url` in `paths.rs` (YouTube, sorted query params, room path `room_route_segment` in `paths.rs`).
-- **Room HTTP paths** are `/r/{short}{slug}` (fused segment); wire **`room_id`** remains `short/slug` for RPC/events.
-
-## Target architecture
-
-### `ItemId` (types)
-
-Suggested shape (adjust after profiling `Ord` / `Hash` / serde size):
-
-```text
-ItemId::Root                      — tilde ontology root (today `SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT`)
-ItemId::Local { segments }        — slug.social ~/… path as Vec<String> (lowercase segments, non-empty for non-root)
-ItemId::External { url: Url }    — normalized `url::Url` (crate `url` already in `slug-types`)
-```
-
-**API surface (minimum):**
-
-- `ItemId::parse(&str) -> Option<ItemId>` — single entry from DSL / user input / legacy wire (internally may call `canonicalize_item` + structured split).
-- `ItemId::to_wire_url(&self) -> String` — only for **external** boundaries if needed (HTTP fetch, rare assertions); avoid using as the primary key once maps use `ItemId`.
-- `parent`, `display_path`, `tilde_tail` / `tilde_http_tail`, `tilde_segments`, `last_segment`, `normalized_storage` — port from `CanonicalItemUrl`.
-- **`Ord` + `Hash` + `Eq`** stable for `BTreeSet` / `HashMap` (see `write_actor` scope-rank snapshots).
-- **`Serialize` / `Deserialize`** — decide **tagged JSON** for any persisted or API-carried structs (e.g. `VoteData` in tests). If RPC must stay stringy for clients, use a **DTO layer** that converts `ItemId` ↔ wire at the boundary only.
-
-**Remove:** `CanonicalItemUrl` type and all `path_types::CanonicalItemUrl` / `slug_types::paths::CanonicalItemUrl` exports once call sites are migrated. **`Borrow<str>`** on the old newtype goes away; update `nav!` / any code that assumed map keys borrowed as `str`.
-
-### `RouteContext` (server HTML)
-
-- **File:** `server/src/html/routing.rs` — **`RouteContext(ThreadNav)`** with `item_href`, `item_href_raw`, `thread_url`, `garden_root_url`, `room_url`, `From`/`Into` `ThreadNav`.
-- **Direction:** new code and refactored Maud should take **`&RouteContext`** (or owned where appropriate) instead of `&ThreadNav` when building links. Long term, **`item_href(&ItemId)`** should not parse strings — it should pattern-match `ItemId` and append tilde tail or `/-/…` external tail using the same rules as today’s `ThreadNav::garden_item_url`.
-
-### Axum / garden routes
-
-- **No** single catch-all route (explicit decision): keep the existing router layout in `server/src/lib.rs`.
-- Room routes stay **`/r/:room_key/...`** with `room_key` fused; parsing via `slug_types::room_id_from_route_segment` / `room_route_segment` in `paths.rs`.
-
-## Phased execution (recommended order)
-
-### Phase 0 — Preconditions (quick)
-
-1. Read **`AGENTS.md`** (UI contract, durability matrix, `RpcCommand` vs `HtmlUiAction`).
-2. Run **`cargo test --workspace`** and **`./scripts/clj-test.sh`** on clean `main` before large diffs; repeat after each phase.
-
-### Phase 1 — `ItemId` in `slug-types` (no server yet)
-
-1. Add **`ItemId`** (new file e.g. `types/src/item_id.rs` **or** inline at bottom of `paths.rs` — see **Module cycle** below).
-2. Implement **`ItemId::parse`** using existing **`canonicalize_item`** + normalization; port **`CanonicalItemUrl`** methods to **`ItemId`** with tests ported from `paths.rs` `#[cfg(test)] mod tests`.
-3. **`GardenItemUrl::from_stored(&ItemId, room_wire)`** (and thread helpers) — build absolute hrefs from structure, not from re-parsing a canonical string.
-4. **`TildeHttpPathTail::to_item_id`** (rename from `to_canonical`) / **`tilde_http_path_to_item_id`**.
-5. **`TildeOntologyPath::from_stored(&ItemId)`**.
-6. Export **`ItemId`** from **`types/src/lib.rs`**; update **`server/src/path_types.rs`** re-exports.
-7. **Delete `CanonicalItemUrl`** and fix all **in-crate** references in `types` only until `cargo test` passes for `slug-types`.
-
-**Module cycle trap:** `item_id.rs` must not `use crate::paths::{...}` if `paths.rs` also imports `ItemId` for `GardenItemUrl` in the same module. **Fix one of:**
-
-- **A)** Put `ItemId` **inside `paths.rs`** below `canonicalize_item` / helpers (simplest, large file), or  
-- **B)** Split **`canonicalize_item`** (+ dash host helpers + `finalize_external_identity_url`) into **`types/src/item_wire.rs`**, then `paths.rs` + `item_id.rs` both depend on `item_wire` only (cleaner, more files).
-
-### Phase 2 — Reducer + ranking (server core)
-
-1. **`server/src/reducer.rs`**: `ContentState` / `GroupState` / **`VoteData`** — replace **`CanonicalItemUrl`** with **`ItemId`** on all maps, sets, deques, vectors.
-2. **`apply_vote`**: normalize `a`/`b` via **`ItemId::parse`** or **`ItemId`**-aware logic (remove string round-trip).
-3. **`apply_ingest_to_content`**: **`dsl`** still yields strings for item titles in statements; normalize to **`ItemId`** at ingest boundary via **`ItemId::parse`** once per item.
-4. **`server/src/ranking.rs`**, **`server/src/scope_rank.rs`**, **`server/src/api/write_actor.rs`** (including **`BTreeSet`** ordering), **`server/src/api/validate.rs`**, **`server/src/api/helpers.rs`** — propagate **`ItemId`**.
-5. **`server/tests/basic.rs`** and any reducer tests constructing **`VoteData`** — use **`ItemId::parse(...).unwrap()`** or helpers.
-
-### Phase 3 — RPC + search + external resolver
-
-1. **`server/src/api/rpc.rs`**: rank/pair/matchup/search payloads; today many paths use **`GardenItemUrl::from_storage_str(item.as_str(), …)`** — switch to **`ItemId`** + **`GardenItemUrl::from_stored(&item_id, …)`** (or equivalent).
-2. **`server/src/html/search.rs`**: scoring uses item path strings — derive from **`ItemId::display_path`** / **`to_wire_url`** only at the scoring boundary if needed.
-3. **`server/src/external_resolver.rs`**: take **`&ItemId`** or **`ItemId::external_url()`** instead of **`&CanonicalItemUrl`**.
-
-### Phase 4 — HTML / Maud
-
-1. **`ThreadNav::garden_item_url`**: overload or replace with **`garden_item_href(&self, item: &ItemId)`** (no `CanonicalItemUrl::parse` inside).
-2. **`RouteContext`**: extend **`item_href(&ItemId)`**; migrate call sites from **`ThreadNav`** to **`RouteContext`** where only link-building is needed (keep **`ThreadNav`** where scope / auth helpers need the full struct).
-3. **`server/src/html/garden.rs`**, **`breadcrumb_path.rs`**, **`forum/*`**, **`editor.rs`**: replace **`CanonicalItemUrl`** with **`ItemId`**; breadcrumbs should walk **`ItemId::parent`** without string `rsplit`.
-4. **`types` JSON types** (`RankRow`, etc.): decide whether **`GardenItemUrl`** stays string for JSON or becomes a structured field; keep **one** wire format for the public API.
-
-### Phase 5 — Cleanup + docs
-
-1. Remove dead **`canonical_path`** / **`breadcrumb_path`** string logic if fully superseded.
-2. Update **`AGENTS.md`** if durability, `POST /ui`, or command surfaces change.
-3. Delete or shrink **`plan.md`** when done.
-
-## File / symbol checklist (non-exhaustive — grep-driven)
-
-Run periodically:
-
-```bash
-rg "CanonicalItemUrl" -g'*.rs'
-rg "path_types::CanonicalItemUrl" -g'*.rs'
-rg "tilde_http_path_to_canonical" -g'*.rs'
-```
-
-**High-touch files (from prior exploration):**
-
-| Area | Files |
-|------|--------|
-| Types | `types/src/paths.rs`, `types/src/lib.rs`, `types/src/url_normalize.rs`, (optional) `types/src/item_id.rs`, `types/src/item_wire.rs` |
-| Server re-exports | `server/src/path_types.rs`, `server/src/canonical_path.rs` |
-| Reducer / ingest | `server/src/reducer.rs`, `server/src/dsl.rs` (parse output types if changed) |
-| Ranking | `server/src/ranking.rs`, `server/src/scope_rank.rs` |
-| Writer / RPC | `server/src/api/write_actor.rs`, `server/src/api/rpc.rs`, `server/src/api/helpers.rs`, `server/src/api/validate.rs` |
-| HTML | `server/src/html/garden.rs`, `server/src/html/breadcrumb_path.rs`, `server/src/html/forum/nav.rs`, `server/src/html/routing.rs`, `server/src/html/search.rs`, `server/src/html/editor.rs`, `server/src/html/forum/ingest.rs`, … |
-| Tests | `server/tests/basic.rs`, `server/tests/integration.rs`, `types/src/paths.rs` tests, Clojure under `test/` if URLs/assertions mention canonical shapes |
-
-## Events / JSONL
-
-- **`Ingest`** events store **`raw` DSL** only — no change required for item identity inside the event.
-- If any future event type stores item ids as strings, migrate to **structured `ItemId` serde** or accept string only at the event boundary with immediate parse into **`ItemId`** on `apply_event`.
-
-## `nav!` macro (`server/src/paths.rs`)
-
-- Macros use **`keypath($key)`** with **`.clone()`** — **`ItemId`** must be **`Clone`** (already for enums). Remove any reliance on **`Borrow<str>`** for map keys.
-
-## Testing gate
-
-After each phase:
-
-```bash
-cargo test --workspace
-./scripts/clj-test.sh
-```
-
-## Risks / gotchas
-
-1. **`Ord` on `ItemId`**: must match prior **`CanonicalItemUrl`** / `String` ordering wherever **`BTreeSet`** is used (e.g. deterministic scope-rank snapshots in **`write_actor`**).
-2. **External `ItemId`**: **`Url`** equality / hashing — normalization is already centralized in **`url_normalize`**; ensure **`ItemId::parse`** always inserts normalized **`Url`** into **`External`**.
-3. **Fake parent URLs** in garden (e.g. **`https://.`** for external root ranking): find all **`parse("https://.")`** style hacks and express as **`ItemId`** or a dedicated sentinel.
-4. **Serde**: tests and any RPC clients that snapshot JSON may need expectation updates if **`VoteData`** shape changes.
-
-## Optional follow-ups (not blocking `ItemId`)
-
-- More **domain normalizers** in **`url_normalize.rs`** (e.g. `music.youtube.com`, Spotify, etc.).
-- **Room wire** vs **HTTP segment** helpers already in **`paths.rs`** (`ROOM_SHORT_ID_LEN`, `room_route_segment`, `room_id_from_route_segment`).
-
----
-
-**End state criteria:** `rg CanonicalItemUrl` returns nothing; reducer maps use **`ItemId`**; HTML link generation for items goes through **`RouteContext` + `ItemId`**; tests and Kaocha green.
diff --git a/server/src/api/helpers.rs b/server/src/api/helpers.rs
index 1b291db83df7364a026f2e147e0a29a70a399371..8cd23a02fa5219d6aa375e766e6b2bd2c7bb7dfb 100644
--- a/server/src/api/helpers.rs
+++ b/server/src/api/helpers.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ use axum::{
     Json,
 };
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-use slug_types::paths::{CanonicalItemUrl, GardenItemUrl};
+use slug_types::paths::GardenItemUrl;
+use slug_types::ItemId;
 use slug_types::*;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
@@ -31,12 +32,12 @@ pub fn now_ms() -> i64 {
 }
 
 /// Resolve DSL/user input to a stored canonical item id.
-pub fn resolve_item(item: &str) -> Result<CanonicalItemUrl, String> {
+pub fn resolve_item(item: &str) -> Result<ItemId, String> {
     let canonical = canonicalize_item(item);
     if canonical.is_empty() {
         return Err(format!("empty item path: `{}`", item));
     }
-    Ok(CanonicalItemUrl(canonical))
+    ItemId::parse(&canonical).ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid item path: `{}`", item))
 }
 
 pub fn parse_parent_specs(parent: Option<&String>) -> Vec<String> {
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ pub fn paginate_rankings(
     (out_components, out_unranked)
 }
 
-pub fn pick_random_distinct_canonical(items: &[CanonicalItemUrl]) -> Option<(CanonicalItemUrl, CanonicalItemUrl)> {
+pub fn pick_random_distinct_canonical(items: &[ItemId]) -> Option<(ItemId, ItemId)> {
     use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
     if items.len() < 2 {
         return None;
@@ -115,15 +116,15 @@ pub fn pick_random_distinct_canonical(items: &[CanonicalItemUrl]) -> Option<(Can
 }
 
 pub fn is_pair_voted(group: &crate::reducer::GroupState, a: &str, b: &str) -> bool {
-    let a_key = CanonicalItemUrl(a.to_string());
-    let b_key = CanonicalItemUrl(b.to_string());
+    let a_key = ItemId::parse(a).unwrap_or_else(|| ItemId::opaque(a.to_string()));
+    let b_key = ItemId::parse(b).unwrap_or_else(|| ItemId::opaque(b.to_string()));
     let Some(&a_idx) = group.item_to_idx.get(&a_key) else { return false; };
     let Some(&b_idx) = group.item_to_idx.get(&b_key) else { return false; };
     let (i, j) = if a_idx < b_idx { (a_idx, b_idx) } else { (b_idx, a_idx) };
     group.voted_pairs.contains(&(i, j))
 }
 
-pub fn compute_connectivity_stats(group: &crate::reducer::GroupState, pool: &[CanonicalItemUrl]) -> ConnectivityStats {
+pub fn compute_connectivity_stats(group: &crate::reducer::GroupState, pool: &[ItemId]) -> ConnectivityStats {
     let n = pool.len();
 
     let global_idxs: Vec<Option<usize>> = pool
diff --git a/server/src/api/rpc.rs b/server/src/api/rpc.rs
index 0ff2d701dd1e8661f58abd55672cd91280e9491e..079d96eb6f1d717c203b1d4aec09f3916384b919 100644
--- a/server/src/api/rpc.rs
+++ b/server/src/api/rpc.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::{
     dsl,
     events::{Event, Ingest, ThreadCapability},
     identity::{parse_agent, parse_username},
-    path_types::CanonicalItemUrl,
+    path_types::ItemId,
     ranking::{connected_components_from_voted_pairs, ranked_items_subset},
     reducer::{scope_from_room_wire, ReducerState, ScopeId},
     state::{AppState, InviteState},
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn build_rank_response_for_content(
 
     if !is_global && !specs.is_empty() {
         let none_exist = specs.iter().all(|spec| {
-            let Some(canon) = CanonicalItemUrl::parse(spec) else { return true };
+            let Some(canon) = ItemId::parse(spec) else { return true };
             !content.items.contains(&canon) && !content.item_children.contains_key(&canon)
         });
         if none_exist {
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ fn build_rank_response_for_content(
 
     let depth = depth.max(1);
     let rankings = if is_global {
-        let all_items: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = content.items.iter().cloned().collect();
+        let all_items: Vec<ItemId> = content.items.iter().cloned().collect();
         crate::scope_rank::build_rankings_for_item_set(content, &all_items)
     } else if specs.is_empty() {
-        crate::scope_rank::build_children_rankings(content, &CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root())
+        crate::scope_rank::build_children_rankings(content, &ItemId::ontology_root())
     } else if depth > 1 {
         let items = crate::scope_rank::resolve_scope_recursive(content, &specs, depth);
         crate::scope_rank::build_rankings_for_item_set(content, &items)
@@ -359,8 +359,8 @@ async fn rpc_check(
     let mut simulated = { reduced_arc.read().await.clone() };
     simulated.apply_event(event);
 
-    let voted_parents: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = {
-        let mut parents: HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl> = HashSet::new();
+    let voted_parents: Vec<ItemId> = {
+        let mut parents: HashSet<ItemId> = HashSet::new();
         for s in &v.doc.statements {
             if let dsl::Stmt::Vote { item1, item2, .. } = s {
                 if let (Ok(a), Ok(b)) = (resolve_item(item1), resolve_item(item2)) {
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ async fn rpc_check(
                 }
             }
         }
-        let mut out: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = parents.into_iter().collect();
+        let mut out: Vec<ItemId> = parents.into_iter().collect();
         out.sort();
         out
     };
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ fn rpc_search(reduced: &ReducerState, q: &str, limit: usize, principal: Option<&
 async fn rpc_get_pair(state: &AppState, room: String, parent_path: String) -> Result<RpcResult, RpcErr> {
     let scope = scope_from_room_wire(&room);
     let reduced_arc = state.reduced.clone();
-    let pool: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = {
+    let pool: Vec<ItemId> = {
         let reduced = reduced_arc.read().await;
         let content = content_for_room(&reduced, &room);
         let tmp = if parent_path.trim().is_empty() {
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ async fn rpc_get_pair(state: &AppState, room: String, parent_path: String) -> Re
             Some("add items via ingest".into()),
         ));
     }
-    let selected: Option<(CanonicalItemUrl, CanonicalItemUrl)> = {
+    let selected: Option<(ItemId, ItemId)> = {
         let mut reduced = reduced_arc.write().await;
         let content = reduced.content.entry(scope.clone()).or_default();
         let group = &mut content.ranking_group;
@@ -729,16 +729,16 @@ async fn rpc_get_pair(state: &AppState, room: String, parent_path: String) -> Re
                 .filter_map(|it| group.item_to_idx.get(it).copied())
                 .collect();
             let ranked = ranked_items_subset(group, &idxs, 10000, 1e-8);
-            let ranked_set: HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl> = ranked.iter().map(|r| r.item.clone()).collect();
-            let unsorted: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = pool
+            let ranked_set: HashSet<ItemId> = ranked.iter().map(|r| r.item.clone()).collect();
+            let unsorted: Vec<ItemId> = pool
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|it| !ranked_set.contains(*it))
                 .cloned()
                 .collect();
-            let mut pick: Option<(CanonicalItemUrl, CanonicalItemUrl)> = None;
+            let mut pick: Option<(ItemId, ItemId)> = None;
             if !unsorted.is_empty() {
                 if let Some(left) = unsorted.choose(&mut rng).cloned() {
-                    let mut candidates: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = if !ranked.is_empty() {
+                    let mut candidates: Vec<ItemId> = if !ranked.is_empty() {
                         ranked.iter().map(|r| r.item.clone()).collect()
                     } else {
                         pool.clone()
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ pub async fn handle_rpc_batch(
                 } else {
                 let content = content_for_room(&reduced, &room);
                 let item_str = canonicalize_item(&item_path);
-                let item = CanonicalItemUrl(item_str.clone());
+                let item = ItemId::parse(&item_str).unwrap_or_else(|| ItemId::opaque(item_str.clone()));
                 if !content.items.contains(&item) {
                     line_err(
                         "item not found",
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ pub async fn handle_rpc_batch(
                 }
 
                 let ranked_total = ranked.len();
-                let mut unranked: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = content
+                let mut unranked: Vec<ItemId> = content
                     .items
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|it| !group.item_to_idx.contains_key(*it))
@@ -1263,7 +1263,7 @@ pub async fn handle_rpc_batch(
                 } else {
                 let content = content_for_room(&reduced, &room);
                 let item_str = canonicalize_item(&item_path);
-                let item = CanonicalItemUrl(item_str.clone());
+                let item = ItemId::parse(&item_str).unwrap_or_else(|| ItemId::opaque(item_str.clone()));
                 let limit = limit.unwrap_or(50).clamp(1, 200);
                 if !content.items.contains(&item) {
                     line_err(
@@ -1304,7 +1304,7 @@ pub async fn handle_rpc_batch(
                 let content = content_for_room(&reduced, &room);
                 let scope = scope_from_room_wire(&room);
                 let item_str = canonicalize_item(&item_path);
-                let item = CanonicalItemUrl(item_str.clone());
+                let item = ItemId::parse(&item_str).unwrap_or_else(|| ItemId::opaque(item_str.clone()));
                 let entries = content.rank_history.get(&item).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
                 let history: Vec<RankHistoryRow> = entries.iter().map(|e| {
                     let caused_by: Vec<VoteRow> = reduced.ingests_by_id.get(&e.post_id)
@@ -1361,7 +1361,11 @@ pub async fn handle_rpc_batch(
                     line_err(e, h)
                 } else {
                 let content = content_for_room(&reduced, &room);
-                let parents: HashSet<&str> = content.item_children.keys().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+                let parents: HashSet<String> = content
+                    .item_children
+                    .keys()
+                    .map(|k| k.to_storage_string())
+                    .collect();
                 let mut paths: Vec<GardenItemUrl> = content
                     .items
                     .iter()
@@ -1380,11 +1384,11 @@ pub async fn handle_rpc_batch(
                 let content = content_for_room(&reduced, &room);
                 let out: Vec<PathSummary> = content
                     .item_children
-                    .get(&CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root())
+                    .get(&ItemId::ontology_root())
                     .map(|roots| {
                         let mut v: Vec<PathSummary> = roots.iter()
                             .map(|path| {
-                                let children = content.item_children.get(path.as_str()).map(|s| s.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+                                let children = content.item_children.get(path).map(|s| s.len()).unwrap_or(0);
                                 PathSummary {
                                     path: TildeOntologyPath::from_stored(path),
                                     children,
diff --git a/server/src/api/validate.rs b/server/src/api/validate.rs
index 3c7aa80fd485cf247231fe5c5c7e6fea62f22534..3f657a88ef9328a31e3e29c3bc3bd32bec6fd7a1 100644
--- a/server/src/api/validate.rs
+++ b/server/src/api/validate.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use crate::{
     canonical_path::canonicalize_tag,
     dsl,
-    path_types::CanonicalItemUrl,
+    path_types::ItemId,
     reducer::{ReducerState, ScopeId},
 };
 use slug_types::paths::GardenItemUrl;
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ pub fn validate_ingest_document(
         ScopeId::Public => None,
         _ => reduced.content_for_scope(scope),
     };
-    let item_exists = |key: &CanonicalItemUrl| {
+    let item_exists = |key: &ItemId| {
         scoped_content.map(|c| c.items.contains(key)).unwrap_or(false)
             || public_content.items.contains(key)
     };
-    let body_exists = |key: &CanonicalItemUrl| {
+    let body_exists = |key: &ItemId| {
         scoped_content.map(|c| c.item_bodies.contains_key(key)).unwrap_or(false)
             || public_content.item_bodies.contains_key(key)
     };
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub fn validate_ingest_document(
     };
 
     let ts = super::helpers::now_ms();
-    let mut defined_in_doc: HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl> = HashSet::new();
+    let mut defined_in_doc: HashSet<ItemId> = HashSet::new();
 
     for s in &doc.statements {
         match s {
diff --git a/server/src/api/write_actor.rs b/server/src/api/write_actor.rs
index f9c3b8bd3fbf8fcb9c035e1a1572fef0b08fa8a9..3e96b015def54921962f74b4cd884808ff6c3bcc 100644
--- a/server/src/api/write_actor.rs
+++ b/server/src/api/write_actor.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::{
     events::{AgentBound, Event, GrantAdded, Ingest, PostRedacted, RoomDeleted, UserRegistered},
     html::JsBuilder,
     identity::parse_agent,
-    path_types::CanonicalItemUrl,
+    path_types::ItemId,
     reducer::{scope_from_room_wire, ReducerState, ScopeId},
     state::AppState,
     write_cmd::WriteCmd,
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ async fn broadcast_web_refresh(state: &AppState, room_key: &str, thread_id: &str
 }
 
 fn compute_scope_rank_changes(
-    parent: &CanonicalItemUrl,
+    parent: &ItemId,
     before: &crate::scope_rank::ChildrenRankings,
     after: &crate::scope_rank::ChildrenRankings,
     room_wire: &str,
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn compute_scope_rank_changes(
     use std::collections::BTreeSet;
     fn build_positions(
         rankings: &crate::scope_rank::ChildrenRankings,
-    ) -> HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, Option<RankPosition>> {
+    ) -> HashMap<ItemId, Option<RankPosition>> {
         let mut map = HashMap::new();
         for comp in &rankings.component_rankings {
             let total = comp.ranked.len();
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn compute_scope_rank_changes(
     let before_pos = build_positions(before);
     let after_pos = build_positions(after);
 
-    let all_items: BTreeSet<CanonicalItemUrl> = before_pos
+    let all_items: BTreeSet<ItemId> = before_pos
         .keys()
         .cloned()
         .chain(after_pos.keys().cloned())
@@ -287,8 +287,8 @@ pub async fn writer_actor(mut rx: mpsc::Receiver<WriteCmd>, state: AppState) {
                         .map(|d| reduced.agent_bindings.get(d).is_none())
                         .unwrap_or(false);
 
-                    let voted_parent_scopes: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = {
-                        let mut parents: HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl> = HashSet::new();
+                    let voted_parent_scopes: Vec<ItemId> = {
+                        let mut parents: HashSet<ItemId> = HashSet::new();
                         for s in &v.doc.statements {
                             if let dsl::Stmt::Vote { item1, item2, .. } = s {
                                 if let (Ok(a), Ok(b)) = (resolve_item(item1), resolve_item(item2)) {
@@ -301,12 +301,12 @@ pub async fn writer_actor(mut rx: mpsc::Receiver<WriteCmd>, state: AppState) {
                                 }
                             }
                         }
-                        let mut out: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = parents.into_iter().collect();
+                        let mut out: Vec<ItemId> = parents.into_iter().collect();
                         out.sort();
                         out
                     };
 
-                    let pre_rankings: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, crate::scope_rank::ChildrenRankings> =
+                    let pre_rankings: HashMap<ItemId, crate::scope_rank::ChildrenRankings> =
                         if !voted_parent_scopes.is_empty() {
                             let content = content_for_room(&reduced, &room_key);
                             voted_parent_scopes
diff --git a/server/src/external_resolver.rs b/server/src/external_resolver.rs
index 87409c4cab5f1930d2cd075f3417fa824fd791c7..6f5c982a627f9f620f0e3be0ba0cb92a3d7d4bb7 100644
--- a/server/src/external_resolver.rs
+++ b/server/src/external_resolver.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl;
+use crate::path_types::ItemId;
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub trait ExternalResolver: Send + Sync {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub trait ExternalResolver: Send + Sync {
     fn normalize(&self, path: &str) -> String;
 
     /// Fetches body when missing; GitHub hook lands here in a follow-up.
-    async fn fetch_body(&self, canonical_url: &CanonicalItemUrl) -> Result<String, String>;
+    async fn fetch_body(&self, canonical_url: &ItemId) -> Result<String, String>;
 }
 
 /// Placeholder until domain-specific resolvers exist.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl ExternalResolver for DefaultExternalResolver {
         path.to_string()
     }
 
-    async fn fetch_body(&self, _canonical_url: &CanonicalItemUrl) -> Result<String, String> {
+    async fn fetch_body(&self, _canonical_url: &ItemId) -> Result<String, String> {
         Err("external fetch not implemented".to_string())
     }
 }
diff --git a/server/src/html/breadcrumb_path.rs b/server/src/html/breadcrumb_path.rs
index c8a3937923161a6ff248bd77e87eff0dc6fe9ab0..5743a98753f579c70e10961278469afd7cb9ddcf 100644
--- a/server/src/html/breadcrumb_path.rs
+++ b/server/src/html/breadcrumb_path.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use crate::path_types::{tilde_http_path_to_canonical, CanonicalItemUrl};
+use crate::path_types::{tilde_http_path_to_item_id, ItemId};
 
 /// Semantic view of an ontology path for rendering and routing decisions.
 pub(super) struct OntologyPath {
-    canonical: CanonicalItemUrl,
+    canonical: ItemId,
     /// Breadcrumb segments: for `~/a/b` this is `["a", "b"]` (leading `~` rendered separately).
     segments: Vec<String>,
 }
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ impl OntologyPath {
     /// Path is the `*path` segment from `/~/*path` (e.g. `topic/a`). Always treat it as under `~/`
     /// so it canonicalizes to `https://slug.social/~/…`, not the non-tilde site path.
     pub(super) fn from_input(path: &str) -> Self {
-        let canonical = tilde_http_path_to_canonical(path);
+        let canonical = tilde_http_path_to_item_id(path);
         Self::from_canonical(canonical)
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn from_canonical(canonical: CanonicalItemUrl) -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn from_canonical(canonical: ItemId) -> Self {
         // tilde_segments() returns ["~", "a", "b"] but bc_path() renders "~" itself,
         // so we skip the leading "~" segment here.
         let segments = canonical
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ impl OntologyPath {
     }
 
     pub(super) fn root() -> Self {
-        Self::from_canonical(CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root())
+        Self::from_canonical(ItemId::ontology_root())
     }
 
     pub(super) fn is_root(&self) -> bool {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl OntologyPath {
 
 /// External `https://host/…` items addressed as `/-/host/…` in the URL bar.
 pub(super) struct ExternalOntologyPath {
-    canonical: CanonicalItemUrl,
+    canonical: ItemId,
     /// e.g. `["github.com", "org", "repo", "issues"]`
     segments: Vec<String>,
 }
@@ -71,13 +71,13 @@ impl ExternalOntologyPath {
         } else {
             format!("-/{}", p.trim_start_matches('/'))
         };
-        let Some(canonical) = CanonicalItemUrl::parse(&raw) else {
-            return Self::from_canonical(CanonicalItemUrl("https://.".to_string()));
+        let Some(canonical) = ItemId::parse(&raw) else {
+            return Self::from_canonical(ItemId::opaque("https://.".to_string()));
         };
         Self::from_canonical(canonical)
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn from_canonical(canonical: CanonicalItemUrl) -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn from_canonical(canonical: ItemId) -> Self {
         let s = canonical.as_str();
         let rest = s
             .strip_prefix("https://")
diff --git a/server/src/html/editor.rs b/server/src/html/editor.rs
index 80657ac0df9b4bb67e4cdacca296f70267840bd1..c76417acd7a164fda23537cd4e7fb9f1f1dcd895 100644
--- a/server/src/html/editor.rs
+++ b/server/src/html/editor.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub async fn editor_check(
             simulated.apply_event(event);
 
             // Collect voted parent scopes.
-            let voted_parents: Vec<crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl> = {
+            let voted_parents: Vec<crate::path_types::ItemId> = {
                 let mut parents = std::collections::HashSet::new();
                 for s in &v.doc.statements {
                     if let crate::dsl::Stmt::Vote { item1, item2, .. } = s {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ pub async fn editor_check(
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                let mut out: Vec<crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl> = parents.into_iter().collect();
+                let mut out: Vec<crate::path_types::ItemId> = parents.into_iter().collect();
                 out.sort();
                 out
             };
diff --git a/server/src/html/forum/nav.rs b/server/src/html/forum/nav.rs
index 48fe11e46731670874ff8b6b05baa6f09ae0b7e4..7ca5b491f38104ec8c81db43a95c59da00abd8c4 100644
--- a/server/src/html/forum/nav.rs
+++ b/server/src/html/forum/nav.rs
@@ -52,9 +52,14 @@ impl ThreadNav {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn garden_item_url(&self, item: &str) -> String {
-        let Some(c) = crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl::parse(item) else {
+        let Some(c) = crate::path_types::ItemId::parse(item) else {
             return format!("{}/{}", self.garden_path_prefix, canonicalize_item(item));
         };
+        self.garden_item_href(&c)
+    }
+
+    /// Relative href for a structured [`crate::path_types::ItemId`] in this scope’s garden.
+    pub(crate) fn garden_item_href(&self, c: &crate::path_types::ItemId) -> String {
         if let Some(tail) = c.tilde_tail().map(str::to_owned) {
             format!("{}/{}", self.garden_path_prefix, tail)
         } else if c.as_str().starts_with("http://") || c.as_str().starts_with("https://") {
@@ -63,7 +68,7 @@ impl ThreadNav {
             let ext_prefix = format!("{}-", self.garden_path_prefix.trim_end_matches('~'));
             format!("{}/{}", ext_prefix, rest)
         } else {
-            format!("{}/{}", self.garden_path_prefix, canonicalize_item(item))
+            format!("{}/{}", self.garden_path_prefix, canonicalize_item(c.as_str()))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/server/src/html/garden.rs b/server/src/html/garden.rs
index e615dd356bcf634232d85610c0a26235ead125fd..2af9ac5bfdee1630883e6f8257883baeafcb5a44 100644
--- a/server/src/html/garden.rs
+++ b/server/src/html/garden.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::{
     api::optional_principal,
     canonical_path::canonicalize_item,
     events::ThreadCapability,
-    path_types::CanonicalItemUrl,
+    path_types::ItemId,
     reducer::{ContentState, ReducerState, ScopeId},
     ranking::{connected_components_from_voted_pairs, ranked_items_subset},
     scope_rank::{build_children_rankings, ChildrenRankings},
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use super::{
 
 /// Display path for an item: `~/…` or `-/…` form.
 fn item_display_path(item: &str) -> String {
-    CanonicalItemUrl::parse(item)
+    ItemId::parse(item)
         .map(|c| c.display_path())
         .unwrap_or_else(|| canonicalize_item(item))
 }
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ pub async fn garden_index(
     let nav = ThreadNav::public();
     let child_rankings = {
         let reduced = state.reduced.read().await;
-        build_children_rankings(reduced.public(), &CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root())
+        build_children_rankings(reduced.public(), &ItemId::ontology_root())
     };
 
     let page = layout(
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ pub async fn external_garden_index(
 ) -> impl IntoResponse {
     let nav = ThreadNav::public();
     let ext_path = ExternalOntologyPath::from_input("");
-    let parent = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("https://.").unwrap();
+    let parent = ItemId::parse("https://.").unwrap();
     let child_rankings = {
         let reduced = state.reduced.read().await;
         build_children_rankings(reduced.public(), &parent)
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ pub async fn room_external_garden_index(
         return room_not_found_page(&jar, &uri).into_response();
     }
     let ext_path = ExternalOntologyPath::from_input("");
-    let parent = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("https://.").unwrap();
+    let parent = ItemId::parse("https://.").unwrap();
     let child_rankings = build_children_rankings(
         content_for_garden_view(&reduced, &nav.scope()),
         &parent,
@@ -509,13 +509,13 @@ struct ItemPageViewModel {
 fn build_sibling_rank(
     reduced: &crate::reducer::ReducerState,
     scope: &ScopeId,
-    item: &CanonicalItemUrl,
+    item: &ItemId,
 ) -> Option<SiblingRank> {
     let item = item.clone().normalized_storage();
     let content = content_for_garden_view(reduced, scope);
     let group = &content.ranking_group;
     let parent = item.parent()?.normalized_storage();
-    let siblings: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = content
+    let siblings: Vec<ItemId> = content
         .item_children
         .get(&parent)
         .map(|s| s.iter().cloned().collect())
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ fn build_rank_history(
     item: &str,
 ) -> Vec<RankHistoryEntryView> {
     let content = content_for_garden_view(reduced, scope);
-    let item_key = CanonicalItemUrl(item.to_string());
+    let item_key = ItemId::parse(item).unwrap_or_else(|| ItemId::opaque(item.to_string()));
     let entries = match content.rank_history.get(&item_key) {
         None => return vec![],
         Some(e) => e,
@@ -592,8 +592,8 @@ fn build_rank_history(
                         if a_str == item || b_str == item {
                             Some(crate::reducer::VoteData {
                                 ts: e.ts,
-                                a: CanonicalItemUrl(a_str),
-                                b: CanonicalItemUrl(b_str),
+                                a: ItemId::parse(&a_str).unwrap_or_else(|| ItemId::opaque(a_str)),
+                                b: ItemId::parse(&b_str).unwrap_or_else(|| ItemId::opaque(b_str)),
                                 ratio_left, ratio_right,
                                 body: explanation,
                                 principal: reduced.ingests_by_id.get(&e.post_id)
@@ -629,8 +629,8 @@ fn build_item_page_view_model(
     item: &str,
 ) -> ItemPageViewModel {
     let content = content_for_garden_view(reduced, scope);
-    let item_key = CanonicalItemUrl::parse(item)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| CanonicalItemUrl::parse("~/").unwrap())
+    let item_key = ItemId::parse(item)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| ItemId::parse("~/").unwrap())
         .normalized_storage();
     let item_has_parent = item_key.parent().is_some();
     let child_rankings = build_children_rankings(content, &item_key);
@@ -925,10 +925,10 @@ mod tests {
             .map(|r| r.item.as_str())
             .collect();
         assert_eq!(names, vec!["https://slug.social/~/topic/a", "https://slug.social/~/topic/b"]);
-        use crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl;
+        use crate::path_types::ItemId;
         assert!(
-            model.child_rankings.unranked_items.contains(&CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/~/topic/kid1".to_string()))
-                || model.child_rankings.unranked_items.contains(&CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/~/topic/kid2".to_string()))
+            model.child_rankings.unranked_items.contains(&ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/~/topic/kid1").unwrap())
+                || model.child_rankings.unranked_items.contains(&ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/~/topic/kid2").unwrap())
         );
     }
 
@@ -941,8 +941,8 @@ mod tests {
             "9ab12cd/my-room",
             "@00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000:test:local/test\n~/t1 {a}\n~/t2 {b}\n",
         );
-        use crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl;
-        let root = CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root();
+        use crate::path_types::ItemId;
+        let root = ItemId::ontology_root();
         let model = build_item_page_view_model(
             &reduced,
             &ScopeId::Room("9ab12cd/my-room".to_string()),
@@ -971,8 +971,8 @@ mod tests {
             "@00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000:test:local/test\n\
              ~/a {a}\n~/b {b}\n~/a 2:1 ~/b {because}\n",
         );
-        use crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl;
-        let root = CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root();
+        use crate::path_types::ItemId;
+        let root = ItemId::ontology_root();
         let model = build_item_page_view_model(
             &reduced,
             &ScopeId::Room("9ab12cd/my-room".to_string()),
diff --git a/server/src/html/routing.rs b/server/src/html/routing.rs
index 13e9ae0cbe32d454e34a7737edf8234d2a558502..df545a8195aa97484ef0012cff31d802ac67d9df 100644
--- a/server/src/html/routing.rs
+++ b/server/src/html/routing.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //! Prefer `RouteContext::item_href` / [`RouteContext::thread_url`] in new Maud over stitching
 //! `/r/…` vs `/~` manually. Call sites can migrate incrementally from passing `&ThreadNav`.
 
-use crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl;
+use crate::path_types::ItemId;
 
 use super::forum::ThreadNav;
 
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ impl RouteContext {
         self.0
     }
 
-    /// Relative path for a stored canonical item in this scope’s garden.
-    pub fn item_href(&self, item: &CanonicalItemUrl) -> String {
-        self.0.garden_item_url(item.as_str())
+    /// Relative path for a stored item in this scope’s garden.
+    pub fn item_href(&self, item: &ItemId) -> String {
+        self.0.garden_item_href(item)
     }
 
     /// Same as [`Self::item_href`] but parses `item` first (raw DSL / user paste).
diff --git a/server/src/path_types.rs b/server/src/path_types.rs
index 361a9d446c9043cbdea5f060db2e8633c2fd9bf9..a6e0b90a1aaead0bc1f7e0f4c5296506edf3f7ac 100644
--- a/server/src/path_types.rs
+++ b/server/src/path_types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-//! Re-exports — implementations live in `slug-types` (`paths` module).
+//! Re-exports — implementations live in `slug-types` (`paths` / `item_id` modules).
 
+pub use slug_types::ItemId;
 pub use slug_types::paths::{
-    tilde_http_path_to_canonical, CanonicalItemUrl, RelativePath, TildeHttpPathTail, TildePath,
+    tilde_http_path_to_item_id, RelativePath, TildeHttpPathTail, TildePath,
 };
diff --git a/server/src/ranking.rs b/server/src/ranking.rs
index b24e80ddd5f34b4e454bb81b541e8f54bd97a541..3710c9f64437f5bef3b2121905b6f3bcb7611047 100644
--- a/server/src/ranking.rs
+++ b/server/src/ranking.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl;
+use crate::path_types::ItemId;
 use crate::reducer::GroupState;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct RankedItem {
-    pub item: CanonicalItemUrl,
+    pub item: ItemId,
     pub score: f64,
 }
 
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ pub fn group_summary_scores(
     group: &mut GroupState,
     max_iters: usize,
     tol: f64,
-) -> HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, f64> {
+) -> HashMap<ItemId, f64> {
     ranked_items(group, max_iters, tol)
         .into_iter()
         .map(|r| (r.item, r.score))
@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn vote(ts: i64, a: &str, b: &str, l: i32, r: i32) -> VoteData {
-        use crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl;
+        use crate::path_types::ItemId;
         VoteData {
             ts,
-            a: CanonicalItemUrl(a.to_string()),
-            b: CanonicalItemUrl(b.to_string()),
+            a: ItemId::parse(a).unwrap(),
+            b: ItemId::parse(b).unwrap(),
             ratio_left: l,
             ratio_right: r,
             body: "because".to_string(),
diff --git a/server/src/reducer.rs b/server/src/reducer.rs
index a8651994f2c062af25b6ad792a014dcc083296f9..cd11a5391de8e36b1c3bb6c9b8067ceba0878e31 100644
--- a/server/src/reducer.rs
+++ b/server/src/reducer.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use crate::canonical_path::canonicalize_tag;
 use crate::dsl;
 use crate::events::{Event, Ingest, ThreadCapability};
-use crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl;
+use crate::path_types::ItemId;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub enum ScopeId {
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ pub fn scope_from_room_wire(room: &str) -> ScopeId {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct VoteData {
     pub ts: i64,
-    pub a: CanonicalItemUrl,
-    pub b: CanonicalItemUrl,
+    pub a: ItemId,
+    pub b: ItemId,
     pub ratio_left: i32,
     pub ratio_right: i32,
     pub body: String,
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ pub struct VoteData {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GroupState {
-    pub item_to_idx: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, usize>,
-    pub idx_to_item: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl>,
+    pub item_to_idx: HashMap<ItemId, usize>,
+    pub idx_to_item: Vec<ItemId>,
 
     /// Aggregated directed edge weights: (src_idx, dst_idx) -> weight.
     pub edges: HashMap<(usize, usize), f64>,
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl GroupState {
         }
     }
 
-    fn ensure_item(&mut self, item: &CanonicalItemUrl) -> usize {
+    fn ensure_item(&mut self, item: &ItemId) -> usize {
         if let Some(&idx) = self.item_to_idx.get(item) {
             return idx;
         }
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@ impl GroupState {
 
     /// Public test helper: insert an item into the group without a vote (for unit tests).
     pub fn ensure_item_pub(&mut self, item: &str) -> usize {
-        if let Some(canon) = CanonicalItemUrl::parse(item) {
+        if let Some(canon) = ItemId::parse(item) {
             self.ensure_item(&canon)
         } else {
             // Fallback: treat as raw canonical string
-            let canon = CanonicalItemUrl(item.to_string());
+            let canon = ItemId::opaque(item.to_string());
             self.ensure_item(&canon)
         }
     }
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ impl GroupState {
     }
 
     pub fn apply_vote(&mut self, mut vote: VoteData) {
-        vote.a = CanonicalItemUrl::parse(vote.a.as_str()).unwrap_or(vote.a);
-        vote.b = CanonicalItemUrl::parse(vote.b.as_str()).unwrap_or(vote.b);
+        vote.a = ItemId::parse(vote.a.as_str()).unwrap_or_else(|| vote.a.clone());
+        vote.b = ItemId::parse(vote.b.as_str()).unwrap_or_else(|| vote.b.clone());
         vote.thread_tag = canonicalize_tag(&vote.thread_tag);
         if vote.ratio_left < 0 {
             vote.ratio_left = 0;
@@ -210,18 +210,18 @@ impl Default for ForumThreadState {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct ContentState {
     pub ranking_group: GroupState,
-    pub items: HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl>,
-    pub item_bodies: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, String>,
+    pub items: HashSet<ItemId>,
+    pub item_bodies: HashMap<ItemId, String>,
     /// Parent canonical URL -> direct children.
-    pub item_children: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl>>,
+    pub item_children: HashMap<ItemId, HashSet<ItemId>>,
     /// Per-item vote history (most recent first).
-    pub item_votes: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, VecDeque<VoteData>>,
+    pub item_votes: HashMap<ItemId, VecDeque<VoteData>>,
     /// Per-item ingest references (most recent first).
-    pub item_snippets: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, VecDeque<String>>,
+    pub item_snippets: HashMap<ItemId, VecDeque<String>>,
     /// Item path -> threads that mention or vote on this item.
-    pub item_threads: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, HashSet<String>>,
+    pub item_threads: HashMap<ItemId, HashSet<String>>,
     /// Per-item rank history, oldest first.
-    pub rank_history: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, Vec<RankHistoryEntry>>,
+    pub rank_history: HashMap<ItemId, Vec<RankHistoryEntry>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ impl ReducerState {
     /// For `a/b/c/d` this creates: `a/b/c→d`, `a/b→a/b/c`, `a→a/b`, `""→a`.
     /// Stops early when an intermediate is already registered (its ancestors must be too).
     /// @e2bdefa9-a6fa-4725-b0a2-c0b09d95bb20:claudecode:anthropic/claude-opus-4
-    fn add_child_edge(content: &mut ContentState, item: &CanonicalItemUrl) {
+    fn add_child_edge(content: &mut ContentState, item: &ItemId) {
         let mut child = item.clone();
         loop {
             let Some(parent) = child.parent() else { break };
@@ -366,16 +366,16 @@ impl ReducerState {
     }
 
     /// Resolve an item path as a first-class canonical path.
-    fn normalize_item(item: &str) -> Option<CanonicalItemUrl> {
-        CanonicalItemUrl::parse(item)
+    fn normalize_item(item: &str) -> Option<ItemId> {
+        ItemId::parse(item)
     }
 
     /// 1-indexed rank of `item` within its connected component in the parent scope.
     /// 0 if the item has no votes connecting it to siblings (unranked).
     fn scope_rank_of(
         group: &GroupState,
-        item: &CanonicalItemUrl,
-        item_children: &HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl>>,
+        item: &ItemId,
+        item_children: &HashMap<ItemId, HashSet<ItemId>>,
     ) -> usize {
         let scope = match item.parent() {
             Some(p) => p,
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ impl ReducerState {
     /// 1-indexed position of `item` in the component-aware global flat list.
     /// Components sorted largest-first; items ranked within each component.
     /// 0 if the item is not in the ranking group.
-    fn global_rank_of(group: &GroupState, item: &CanonicalItemUrl) -> usize {
+    fn global_rank_of(group: &GroupState, item: &ItemId) -> usize {
         if !group.item_to_idx.contains_key(item) {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ impl ReducerState {
         let doc = dsl::parse_full(&ing.raw).map_err(|_| ())?;
         let canonical_thread = canonicalize_tag(&ing.thread_tag);
 
-        let voted_items: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = doc
+        let voted_items: Vec<ItemId> = doc
             .statements
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|s| {
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ impl ReducerState {
         let principal = ing.principal.clone();
         let delegate = ing.delegate.clone();
 
-        let before: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, (usize, usize)> = if !voted_items.is_empty() {
+        let before: HashMap<ItemId, (usize, usize)> = if !voted_items.is_empty() {
             crate::ranking::compute_group_ranking(&mut content.ranking_group, 10000, 1e-8);
             voted_items
                 .iter()
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ impl ReducerState {
             HashMap::new()
         };
 
-        let mut ingest_items: HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl> = HashSet::new();
+        let mut ingest_items: HashSet<ItemId> = HashSet::new();
 
         for stmt in doc.statements {
             match stmt {
diff --git a/server/src/scope_rank.rs b/server/src/scope_rank.rs
index d656b2f0a0a3623ca6b234b746beaaca8ae6017d..4fdaae150c74ec5162c2accc06d4cc778ad79914 100644
--- a/server/src/scope_rank.rs
+++ b/server/src/scope_rank.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 
-use crate::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl;
+use crate::path_types::ItemId;
 use crate::ranking::{connected_components_from_voted_pairs, ranked_items_subset, RankedItem};
 use crate::reducer::ContentState;
 
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ pub struct ScopedComponent {
 pub struct ChildrenRankings {
     pub component_rankings: Vec<ScopedComponent>,
     /// Items in scope with no rank (no votes connecting them to others in this scope).
-    pub unranked_items: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl>,
+    pub unranked_items: Vec<ItemId>,
 }
 
 /// Resolve one scope spec (literal path) to direct children of that parent. No wildcards.
-fn resolve_one_scope(content: &ContentState, spec: &str) -> HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl> {
-    let Some(parent) = CanonicalItemUrl::parse(spec.trim()) else {
+fn resolve_one_scope(content: &ContentState, spec: &str) -> HashSet<ItemId> {
+    let Some(parent) = ItemId::parse(spec.trim()) else {
         return HashSet::new();
     };
     content
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ fn resolve_one_scope(content: &ContentState, spec: &str) -> HashSet<CanonicalIte
 
 /// Resolve multiple scope specs (literal paths) to a single merged, deduplicated list of item paths.
 /// Used for rank/pair with multiple parents (explicit merge, e.g. rank ~/models ~/ai-models).
-pub fn resolve_scope(content: &ContentState, specs: &[String]) -> Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> {
+pub fn resolve_scope(content: &ContentState, specs: &[String]) -> Vec<ItemId> {
     let mut set = HashSet::new();
     for spec in specs {
         set.extend(resolve_one_scope(content, spec));
     }
-    let mut out: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = set.into_iter().collect();
+    let mut out: Vec<ItemId> = set.into_iter().collect();
     out.sort();
     out
 }
@@ -49,18 +49,18 @@ pub fn resolve_scope(content: &ContentState, specs: &[String]) -> Vec<CanonicalI
 /// Resolve scope specs recursively up to `depth` levels deep.
 /// depth=1 is equivalent to resolve_scope (direct children only).
 /// depth=2 includes grandchildren, etc.
-pub fn resolve_scope_recursive(content: &ContentState, specs: &[String], depth: usize) -> Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> {
+pub fn resolve_scope_recursive(content: &ContentState, specs: &[String], depth: usize) -> Vec<ItemId> {
     if depth == 0 {
         return vec![];
     }
-    let mut visited: HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl> = HashSet::new();
-    let mut frontier: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = specs
+    let mut visited: HashSet<ItemId> = HashSet::new();
+    let mut frontier: Vec<ItemId> = specs
         .iter()
-        .filter_map(|s| CanonicalItemUrl::parse(s))
+        .filter_map(|s| ItemId::parse(s))
         .collect();
 
     for _level in 0..depth {
-        let mut next_frontier: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = Vec::new();
+        let mut next_frontier: Vec<ItemId> = Vec::new();
         for parent in &frontier {
             if let Some(children) = content.item_children.get(parent) {
                 for child in children {
@@ -76,16 +76,16 @@ pub fn resolve_scope_recursive(content: &ContentState, specs: &[String], depth:
         frontier = next_frontier;
     }
 
-    let mut out: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = visited.into_iter().collect();
+    let mut out: Vec<ItemId> = visited.into_iter().collect();
     out.sort();
     out
 }
 
 /// Build connected-component rankings for an explicit set of item paths.
 /// Use this when scope comes from multiple parents (resolve_scope).
-pub fn build_rankings_for_item_set(content: &ContentState, items_in_scope: &[CanonicalItemUrl]) -> ChildrenRankings {
+pub fn build_rankings_for_item_set(content: &ContentState, items_in_scope: &[ItemId]) -> ChildrenRankings {
     let group = &content.ranking_group;
-    let mut items_in_scope: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = items_in_scope.to_vec();
+    let mut items_in_scope: Vec<ItemId> = items_in_scope.to_vec();
     items_in_scope.sort();
 
     let scoped_idxs: Vec<usize> = items_in_scope
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ pub fn build_rankings_for_item_set(content: &ContentState, items_in_scope: &[Can
         })
         .collect();
 
-    let mut unranked_items: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = isolate_local_idxs
+    let mut unranked_items: Vec<ItemId> = isolate_local_idxs
         .into_iter()
         .filter_map(|li| local_to_global.get(li).copied())
         .filter_map(|idx| group.idx_to_item.get(idx).cloned())
@@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ pub fn build_rankings_for_item_set(content: &ContentState, items_in_scope: &[Can
 
 /// Build connected-component rankings for direct children of parent_scope.
 /// Matches the HTML garden view: multiple components, isolates, no-vote items.
-pub fn build_children_rankings(content: &ContentState, parent: &CanonicalItemUrl) -> ChildrenRankings {
+pub fn build_children_rankings(content: &ContentState, parent: &ItemId) -> ChildrenRankings {
     let parent = parent.clone().normalized_storage();
-    let items: Vec<CanonicalItemUrl> = content
+    let items: Vec<ItemId> = content
         .item_children
         .get(&parent)
         .map(|s| s.iter().cloned().collect())
@@ -164,10 +164,13 @@ mod tests {
     use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 
     fn content_with_children(edges: &[(&str, &[&str])]) -> ContentState {
-        let mut item_children: HashMap<CanonicalItemUrl, HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl>> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut item_children: HashMap<ItemId, HashSet<ItemId>> = HashMap::new();
         for (parent, children) in edges {
-            let parent = CanonicalItemUrl((*parent).to_string());
-            let set: HashSet<CanonicalItemUrl> = children.iter().map(|s| CanonicalItemUrl((*s).to_string())).collect();
+            let parent = ItemId::parse(parent).unwrap();
+            let set: HashSet<ItemId> = children
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| ItemId::parse(s).unwrap())
+                .collect();
             item_children.insert(parent, set);
         }
         ContentState {
@@ -189,8 +192,8 @@ mod tests {
         ]);
         let out = resolve_one_scope(&content, "models");
         assert_eq!(out.len(), 2);
-        assert!(out.contains(&CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/models/x".to_string())));
-        assert!(out.contains(&CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/models/y".to_string())));
+        assert!(out.contains(&ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/models/x").unwrap()));
+        assert!(out.contains(&ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/models/y").unwrap()));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -201,9 +204,9 @@ mod tests {
         ]);
         let out = resolve_scope(&content, &["a".into(), "b".into()]);
         assert_eq!(out.len(), 4);
-        assert!(out.contains(&CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/a/1".to_string())));
-        assert!(out.contains(&CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/a/2".to_string())));
-        assert!(out.contains(&CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/b/1".to_string())));
-        assert!(out.contains(&CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/b/2".to_string())));
+        assert!(out.contains(&ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/a/1").unwrap()));
+        assert!(out.contains(&ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/a/2").unwrap()));
+        assert!(out.contains(&ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/b/1").unwrap()));
+        assert!(out.contains(&ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/b/2").unwrap()));
     }
 }
diff --git a/server/tests/basic.rs b/server/tests/basic.rs
index 17db86894f18d6b542d2943f4cedb0572b247171..c8efea2976e20b443d78a5d4c3b244bc4f2fd6da 100644
--- a/server/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/server/tests/basic.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,15 @@ use slugsocial_server::{
 };
 
 
+use slugsocial_server::path_types::ItemId;
+
 use tempfile::TempDir;
 
+#[inline]
+fn item_id(s: &str) -> ItemId {
+    ItemId::parse(s).unwrap()
+}
+
 fn ingest_event(ts: i64, raw: &str) -> Event {
     Event::Ingest(Ingest {
         ts,
@@ -47,7 +54,7 @@ fn reducer_external_namespace_ranking() {
     let g = &content.ranking_group;
     assert_eq!(g.idx_to_item.len(), 2);
 
-    let parent = slugsocial_server::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl::parse("https://github.com/iss").unwrap();
+    let parent = slugsocial_server::path_types::ItemId::parse("https://github.com/iss").unwrap();
     let children = slugsocial_server::scope_rank::build_children_rankings(content, &parent);
     assert_eq!(children.component_rankings.len(), 1);
     let names: Vec<&str> = children.component_rankings[0]
@@ -77,9 +84,9 @@ fn reducer_and_ranking_linear_chain() {
     let mut group = state.public().ranking_group.clone();
     let ranked = ranked_items(&mut group, 20000, 1e-9);
     assert_eq!(ranked.len(), 3);
-    assert_eq!(ranked[0].item, "https://slug.social/~/t/a");
-    assert_eq!(ranked[1].item, "https://slug.social/~/t/b");
-    assert_eq!(ranked[2].item, "https://slug.social/~/t/c");
+    assert_eq!(ranked[0].item.as_str(), "https://slug.social/~/t/a");
+    assert_eq!(ranked[1].item.as_str(), "https://slug.social/~/t/b");
+    assert_eq!(ranked[2].item.as_str(), "https://slug.social/~/t/c");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -112,15 +119,15 @@ fn reducer_handles_item_and_body_from_ingest() {
     ));
 
     let content = state.public();
-    assert!(content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/t/test-item"));
+    assert!(content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/test-item")));
     assert_eq!(
-        content.item_bodies.get("https://slug.social/~/t/test-item"),
+        content.item_bodies.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/test-item")),
         Some(&"Description here".to_string())
     );
     assert!(content
         .item_children
-        .get("https://slug.social/~/t")
-        .map(|c| c.contains("https://slug.social/~/t/test-item"))
+        .get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t"))
+        .map(|c| c.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/test-item")))
         .unwrap_or(false));
 }
 
@@ -136,12 +143,12 @@ fn reducer_indexes_item_threads_and_vote_thread() {
     state.apply_event(Event::Ingest(ev));
 
     let content = state.public();
-    let threads_for_insertion = content.item_threads.get("https://slug.social/~/sorts/insertion").unwrap();
+    let threads_for_insertion = content.item_threads.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/sorts/insertion")).unwrap();
     assert!(threads_for_insertion.contains("sorting-hat"));
-    let threads_for_mergesort = content.item_threads.get("https://slug.social/~/sorts/mergesort").unwrap();
+    let threads_for_mergesort = content.item_threads.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/sorts/mergesort")).unwrap();
     assert!(threads_for_mergesort.contains("sorting-hat"));
 
-    let vote = content.item_votes.get("https://slug.social/~/sorts/insertion").unwrap().front().unwrap();
+    let vote = content.item_votes.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/sorts/insertion")).unwrap().front().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(vote.thread_tag, "sorting-hat");
 }
 
@@ -155,8 +162,8 @@ fn reducer_aggregates_multiple_votes() {
     }
 
     let group = &state.public().ranking_group;
-    let a_idx = group.item_to_idx["https://slug.social/~/t/a"];
-    let b_idx = group.item_to_idx["https://slug.social/~/t/b"];
+    let a_idx = group.item_to_idx[&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/a")];
+    let b_idx = group.item_to_idx[&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/b")];
 
     // Should have accumulated edge weights in both directions.
     assert!(group.edges.contains_key(&(a_idx, b_idx)));
@@ -232,7 +239,7 @@ fn ranking_dominant_item_wins() {
     let mut group = state.public().ranking_group.clone();
     let ranked = ranked_items(&mut group, 20000, 1e-9);
 
-    assert_eq!(ranked[0].item, "https://slug.social/~/t/champion");
+    assert_eq!(ranked[0].item.as_str(), "https://slug.social/~/t/champion");
     assert!(ranked[0].score > ranked[1].score);
 }
 
@@ -379,7 +386,7 @@ async fn full_workflow_reducer_and_ranking() {
     let ranked = ranked_items(&mut group, 20000, 1e-9);
 
     assert_eq!(ranked.len(), 2);
-    assert_eq!(ranked[0].item, "https://slug.social/~/langs/rust"); // Should win
+    assert_eq!(ranked[0].item.as_str(), "https://slug.social/~/langs/rust"); // Should win
     assert!(ranked[0].score > ranked[1].score);
 }
 
@@ -395,27 +402,27 @@ fn reducer_materializes_ancestor_path_segments() {
 
     // The intermediate path "https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic" should appear as a child of "https://slug.social/~/ai-models".
     let content = state.public();
-    let ai_models_children = content.item_children.get("https://slug.social/~/ai-models").expect("ai-models should have children");
+    let ai_models_children = content.item_children.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models")).expect("ai-models should have children");
     assert!(
-        ai_models_children.contains("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic"),
+        ai_models_children.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic")),
         "ai-models/anthropic should be a child of ai-models"
     );
 
     // The leaf items should still be children of "https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic".
-    let anthropic_children = content.item_children.get("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic").expect("ai-models/anthropic should have children");
-    assert!(anthropic_children.contains("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic/claude-opus"));
-    assert!(anthropic_children.contains("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic/claude-sonnet"));
+    let anthropic_children = content.item_children.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic")).expect("ai-models/anthropic should have children");
+    assert!(anthropic_children.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic/claude-opus")));
+    assert!(anthropic_children.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic/claude-sonnet")));
 
     // Root should contain "https://slug.social/~/ai-models".
-    let root_children = content.item_children.get("https://slug.social/~").expect("root should have children");
-    assert!(root_children.contains("https://slug.social/~/ai-models"));
+    let root_children = content.item_children.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~")).expect("root should have children");
+    assert!(root_children.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models")));
 
     // The phantom intermediates should NOT be in the items set (they weren't explicitly created).
-    assert!(!content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/ai-models"));
-    assert!(!content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic"));
+    assert!(!content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models")));
+    assert!(!content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic")));
     // But the leaf items should be.
-    assert!(content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic/claude-opus"));
-    assert!(content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic/claude-sonnet"));
+    assert!(content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic/claude-opus")));
+    assert!(content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/ai-models/anthropic/claude-sonnet")));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -469,9 +476,9 @@ fn ranking_repeated_votes_normalized() {
 
     // Same winner regardless of how many times voted.
     assert_eq!(ranked_once[0].item, ranked_many[0].item);
-    assert_eq!(ranked_once[0].item, "https://slug.social/~/norm/a");
+    assert_eq!(ranked_once[0].item.as_str(), "https://slug.social/~/norm/a");
     assert_eq!(ranked_once[1].item, ranked_many[1].item);
-    assert_eq!(ranked_once[1].item, "https://slug.social/~/norm/b");
+    assert_eq!(ranked_once[1].item.as_str(), "https://slug.social/~/norm/b");
 
     // Scores should be identical (normalization makes repeated votes idempotent).
     let eps = 1e-6;
@@ -506,8 +513,8 @@ fn reducer_zero_zero_vote_ratio_normalizes_to_one_one() {
         "~/t/a {a}\n~/t/b {b}\n~/t/a 0:0 ~/t/b {zero}\n",
     ));
     let group = &state.public().ranking_group;
-    let a_idx = group.item_to_idx["https://slug.social/~/t/a"];
-    let b_idx = group.item_to_idx["https://slug.social/~/t/b"];
+    let a_idx = group.item_to_idx[&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/a")];
+    let b_idx = group.item_to_idx[&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/b")];
     // 0:0 should normalize to 1:1 — both directions should have weight
     assert!(group.edges.contains_key(&(a_idx, b_idx)));
     assert!(group.edges.contains_key(&(b_idx, a_idx)));
@@ -523,8 +530,8 @@ fn reducer_negative_ratio_clamped_to_zero() {
     let mut group = GroupState::new();
     group.apply_vote(slugsocial_server::reducer::VoteData {
         ts: 1,
-        a: slugsocial_server::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/~/t/a".to_string()),
-        b: slugsocial_server::path_types::CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/~/t/b".to_string()),
+        a: slugsocial_server::path_types::ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/~/t/a").unwrap(),
+        b: slugsocial_server::path_types::ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/~/t/b").unwrap(),
         ratio_left: -5,
         ratio_right: -3,
         body: "negative".to_string(),
@@ -534,8 +541,8 @@ fn reducer_negative_ratio_clamped_to_zero() {
     });
     assert_eq!(group.idx_to_item.len(), 2);
     // Both edges should exist (negatives clamped to 0, then 0:0 -> 1:1)
-    let a_idx = group.item_to_idx["https://slug.social/~/t/a"];
-    let b_idx = group.item_to_idx["https://slug.social/~/t/b"];
+    let a_idx = group.item_to_idx[&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/a")];
+    let b_idx = group.item_to_idx[&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/b")];
     assert!(group.edges.contains_key(&(a_idx, b_idx)));
     assert!(group.edges.contains_key(&(b_idx, a_idx)));
 }
@@ -553,24 +560,24 @@ fn reducer_deep_path_ancestor_materialization_four_levels() {
     let content = state.public();
     let tilde_scope = content
         .item_children
-        .get("https://slug.social/~")
+        .get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~"))
         .expect("~/ scope should have children");
-    assert!(tilde_scope.contains("https://slug.social/~/a"));
+    assert!(tilde_scope.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a")));
 
-    let a_children = content.item_children.get("https://slug.social/~/a").expect("a should have children");
-    assert!(a_children.contains("https://slug.social/~/a/b"));
+    let a_children = content.item_children.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a")).expect("a should have children");
+    assert!(a_children.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a/b")));
 
-    let ab_children = content.item_children.get("https://slug.social/~/a/b").expect("a/b should have children");
-    assert!(ab_children.contains("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c"));
+    let ab_children = content.item_children.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a/b")).expect("a/b should have children");
+    assert!(ab_children.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c")));
 
-    let abc_children = content.item_children.get("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c").expect("a/b/c should have children");
-    assert!(abc_children.contains("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c/d"));
+    let abc_children = content.item_children.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c")).expect("a/b/c should have children");
+    assert!(abc_children.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c/d")));
 
     // Only the leaf should be in items set
-    assert!(content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c/d"));
-    assert!(!content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/a"));
-    assert!(!content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/a/b"));
-    assert!(!content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c"));
+    assert!(content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c/d")));
+    assert!(!content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a")));
+    assert!(!content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a/b")));
+    assert!(!content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/a/b/c")));
 }
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -610,7 +617,7 @@ fn ranking_convergence_tolerance_triggers_early_exit() {
     // Very tight tolerance but huge max_iters — should still converge fast
     let ranked = ranked_items(&mut group, 1_000_000, 1e-15);
     assert_eq!(ranked.len(), 2);
-    assert_eq!(ranked[0].item, "https://slug.social/~/t/a");
+    assert_eq!(ranked[0].item.as_str(), "https://slug.social/~/t/a");
 }
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -624,14 +631,14 @@ fn test_item_body_overwrite() {
         1,
         "~/t/x {first}\n",
     ));
-    assert_eq!(state.public().item_bodies.get("https://slug.social/~/t/x"), Some(&"first".to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(state.public().item_bodies.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/x")), Some(&"first".to_string()));
 
     state.apply_event(ingest_event(
         2,
         "~/t/x {second}\n",
     ));
     assert_eq!(
-        state.public().item_bodies.get("https://slug.social/~/t/x"),
+        state.public().item_bodies.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/x")),
         Some(&"second".to_string()),
         "last writer should win for item bodies"
     );
@@ -645,9 +652,9 @@ fn test_empty_body_not_stored() {
         "~/t/blank {   }\n",
     ));
     let content = state.public();
-    assert!(content.items.contains("https://slug.social/~/t/blank"), "item should exist");
+    assert!(content.items.contains(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/blank")), "item should exist");
     assert!(
-        !content.item_bodies.contains_key("https://slug.social/~/t/blank"),
+        !content.item_bodies.contains_key(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/blank")),
         "whitespace-only body should not be stored"
     );
 }
@@ -664,7 +671,7 @@ fn test_duplicate_items_across_ingests() {
         "~/t/dup {second}\n",
     ));
     let content = state.public();
-    let count = content.items.iter().filter(|i| *i == "https://slug.social/~/t/dup").count();
+    let count = content.items.iter().filter(|i| i.as_str() == "https://slug.social/~/t/dup").count();
     assert_eq!(count, 1, "items set should deduplicate across ingests");
 }
 
@@ -736,7 +743,7 @@ fn test_thread_id_is_used_for_votes_and_indexes() {
     let content = state.public();
     let vote = content
         .item_votes
-        .get("https://slug.social/~/t/a")
+        .get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/a"))
         .unwrap()
         .front()
         .unwrap();
@@ -745,7 +752,7 @@ fn test_thread_id_is_used_for_votes_and_indexes() {
     assert!(state
         .public()
         .item_threads
-        .get("https://slug.social/~/t/a")
+        .get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/a"))
         .is_some_and(|threads| threads.contains("first")));
 }
 
@@ -757,11 +764,11 @@ fn test_rank_history_created_for_voted_items() {
         "~/t/a {a}\n~/t/b {b}\n~/t/a 3:1 ~/t/b {reason}\n",
     ));
     assert!(
-        state.public().rank_history.contains_key("https://slug.social/~/t/a"),
+        state.public().rank_history.contains_key(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/a")),
         "rank_history should have entry for voted item a"
     );
     assert!(
-        state.public().rank_history.contains_key("https://slug.social/~/t/b"),
+        state.public().rank_history.contains_key(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/b")),
         "rank_history should have entry for voted item b"
     );
 }
@@ -774,7 +781,7 @@ fn test_rank_history_not_created_for_unvoted_items() {
         "~/t/c {just a definition}\n",
     ));
     assert!(
-        !state.public().rank_history.contains_key("https://slug.social/~/t/c"),
+        !state.public().rank_history.contains_key(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/c")),
         "rank_history should NOT have entry for item with no votes"
     );
 }
@@ -786,7 +793,7 @@ fn test_rank_history_first_entry_delta_zero() {
         1,
         "~/t/a {a}\n~/t/b {b}\n~/t/a 3:1 ~/t/b {reason}\n",
     ));
-    let history_a = state.public().rank_history.get("https://slug.social/~/t/a").unwrap();
+    let history_a = state.public().rank_history.get(&item_id("https://slug.social/~/t/a")).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(history_a.len(), 1);
     assert_eq!(
         history_a[0].scope_rank_delta, 0,
diff --git a/types/src/item_id.rs b/types/src/item_id.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5fe9fad39c0d58e546c0a0162eba4348d64e0865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/types/src/item_id.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+//! Structural item identity for the reducer graph and ranking (vs presentation-only strings).
+
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::fmt;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+use crate::item_wire::{
+    canonicalize_item, external_display_dash_prefix, normalize_slug_ontology_storage_url,
+    SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT,
+};
+
+/// Structural key for items in [`slug_types`] and the server reducer.
+///
+/// Wire / JSON uses the same single string as the former canonical item URL (via serde).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ItemId {
+    /// Tilde ontology root (`~/`); storage [`SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT`].
+    Root,
+    /// `https://slug.social/~/…` (non-root; normalized trailing path).
+    Local(String),
+    /// Normalized `http(s)://…` storage form, including non-`~/` paths on `slug.social`.
+    Web(String),
+    /// Raw key material that did not round-trip through [`Self::parse`] (historical edge case).
+    Opaque(String),
+}
+
+impl ItemId {
+    pub fn parse(input: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let c = normalize_slug_ontology_storage_url(&canonicalize_item(input));
+        if c.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        if c == SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT {
+            return Some(Self::Root);
+        }
+        if c.starts_with("https://slug.social/~/") && c != SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT {
+            return Some(Self::Local(c));
+        }
+        Some(Self::Web(c))
+    }
+
+    /// Same as the old `ensure_item` fallback: use `s` verbatim as the map key.
+    pub fn opaque(raw: String) -> Self {
+        Self::Opaque(raw)
+    }
+
+    pub fn ontology_root() -> Self {
+        Self::Root
+    }
+
+    /// Collapses legacy slug ontology root spellings so [`std::collections::HashMap`] keys match the graph.
+    pub fn normalized_storage(self) -> Self {
+        Self::parse(self.as_str()).unwrap_or(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            ItemId::Root => SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT,
+            ItemId::Local(s) | ItemId::Web(s) | ItemId::Opaque(s) => s,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_storage_string(&self) -> String {
+        self.as_str().to_string()
+    }
+
+    pub fn tilde_tail(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            ItemId::Root => Some(""),
+            ItemId::Local(s) => s.strip_prefix("https://slug.social/~/"),
+            ItemId::Web(s) | ItemId::Opaque(s) => {
+                if let Some(tail) = s.strip_prefix("https://slug.social/~/") {
+                    return Some(tail);
+                }
+                if s == SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT || s == "https://slug.social/~/" {
+                    return Some("");
+                }
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// HTTP garden tail after `~/` (empty at ontology root), or `None` if not under tilde ontology.
+    pub fn tilde_http_tail(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        self.tilde_tail().map(str::to_owned)
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_segment(&self) -> &str {
+        let s = self.as_str();
+        s.rsplit('/').find(|x| !x.is_empty()).unwrap_or(s)
+    }
+
+    pub fn parent(&self) -> Option<Self> {
+        match self {
+            ItemId::Root => None,
+            ItemId::Local(s) => {
+                if s == SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT || s == "https://slug.social/~/" {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let last_slash = s.rfind('/')?;
+                let parent_str = &s[..last_slash];
+                if parent_str.is_empty() {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Self::parse(parent_str)
+                }
+            }
+            ItemId::Web(s) | ItemId::Opaque(s) => {
+                if s == SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT || s == "https://slug.social/~/" {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("https://slug.social/~/") {
+                    if rest.is_empty() {
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                    let last_slash = s.rfind('/')?;
+                    let parent_str = &s[..last_slash];
+                    Self::parse(parent_str)
+                } else if s.starts_with("https://") {
+                    let rest = s.strip_prefix("https://").unwrap();
+                    Self::parent_http_url("https://", rest)
+                } else if s.starts_with("http://") {
+                    let rest = s.strip_prefix("http://").unwrap();
+                    Self::parent_http_url("http://", rest)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parent_http_url(scheme: &'static str, rest: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let (host, path) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, p)| (h, p));
+        let host = host.trim();
+        let path = path.trim_end_matches('/');
+        if path.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let parent_path = path.rsplit_once('/').map(|(p, _)| p).unwrap_or("");
+        if parent_path.is_empty() {
+            Self::parse(&format!("{scheme}{}", host))
+        } else {
+            Self::parse(&format!("{scheme}{}/{}", host, parent_path))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `-/` representation for external `https://…` items, `~/…` for slug ontology, else unchanged.
+    pub fn display_path(&self) -> String {
+        if let Some(tail) = self.tilde_tail() {
+            if tail.is_empty() {
+                return "~/".to_string();
+            }
+            return format!("~/{}", tail);
+        }
+        let s = self.as_str();
+        if let Some(tail) = s.strip_prefix("https://") {
+            if tail.starts_with("slug.social") {
+                return s.to_string();
+            }
+            return external_display_dash_prefix(tail);
+        }
+        if let Some(tail) = s.strip_prefix("http://") {
+            if tail.starts_with("slug.social") {
+                return s.to_string();
+            }
+            return external_display_dash_prefix(tail);
+        }
+        s.to_string()
+    }
+
+    pub fn tilde_segments(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        match self.tilde_tail() {
+            Some(tail) if !tail.is_empty() => std::iter::once("~")
+                .chain(tail.split('/').filter(|s| !s.is_empty()))
+                .collect(),
+            Some(_) => vec!["~"],
+            None => vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Normalized URL string for HTTP fetch boundaries (external identities).
+    pub fn to_wire_url(&self) -> String {
+        self.to_storage_string()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for ItemId {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for ItemId {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        self.as_str().cmp(other.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ItemId {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.as_str().fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Serialize for ItemId {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        self.as_str().serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for ItemId {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let s = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        ItemId::parse(&s).ok_or_else(|| {
+            serde::de::Error::custom(format!("invalid item id: {s:?}"))
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/types/src/item_wire.rs b/types/src/item_wire.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20e3e7df77a74713c146c7e7222a809173723c7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/types/src/item_wire.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+//! Wire normalization for item identity strings (`canonicalize_item`, path segments).
+//! Split from `paths` so [`crate::item_id::ItemId`] can depend on this without import cycles.
+
+use crate::url_normalize::{host_preserves_dash_path_case, normalize_http_identity_url};
+
+/// Canonical absolute URL for the tilde ontology **root** (`~/` in UI).
+pub const SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT: &str = "https://slug.social/~";
+
+/// Collapse legacy or parser variants of the ontology root to [`SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT`].
+pub fn normalize_slug_ontology_storage_url(s: &str) -> String {
+    if s == "https://slug.social/~/" {
+        SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT.to_string()
+    } else {
+        s.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+fn finalize_external_identity_url(s: String) -> String {
+    if s.starts_with("https://slug.social/") {
+        return s;
+    }
+    let normalized = normalize_http_identity_url(&s).unwrap_or_else(|| s.clone());
+    strip_redundant_root_slash(&normalized).unwrap_or(normalized)
+}
+
+/// `url::Url` serializes bare hosts with a `/` path; we keep host-only items slash-free for stable
+/// keys matching the pre-normalizer spellings.
+fn strip_redundant_root_slash(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let u = url::Url::parse(s).ok()?;
+    if u.path() == "/" && u.query().is_none() && u.fragment().is_none() {
+        let scheme = u.scheme();
+        let host = u.host_str()?;
+        return Some(match u.port() {
+            Some(p) => format!("{scheme}://{host}:{p}"),
+            None => format!("{scheme}://{host}"),
+        });
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// Ontology item reference → canonical absolute URL on the slug host.
+pub fn canonicalize_item(input: &str) -> String {
+    let s = input.trim();
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return String::new();
+    }
+
+    if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("-/") {
+        let (host, tail) = rest
+            .split_once('/')
+            .map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
+        let host = host.trim().to_lowercase();
+        if host.is_empty() {
+            return String::new();
+        }
+        let preserve_case = host_preserves_dash_path_case(&host);
+        return if tail.is_empty() {
+            finalize_external_identity_url(format!("https://{}", host))
+        } else {
+            let path = tail
+                .trim_start_matches('/')
+                .trim_end_matches('/')
+                .split('/')
+                .filter_map(|seg| {
+                    let t = seg.trim();
+                    if t.is_empty() {
+                        None
+                    } else if preserve_case {
+                        Some(t.to_string())
+                    } else {
+                        Some(t.to_lowercase())
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join("/");
+            finalize_external_identity_url(format!("https://{}/{}", host, path))
+        };
+    }
+
+    if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("https://") {
+        let (host, tail) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
+        let host = host.trim().to_lowercase();
+        return finalize_external_identity_url(if tail.is_empty() {
+            format!("https://{}", host)
+        } else {
+            format!("https://{}/{}", host, tail)
+        });
+    }
+    if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("http://") {
+        let (host, tail) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
+        let host = host.trim().to_lowercase();
+        return finalize_external_identity_url(if tail.is_empty() {
+            format!("http://{}", host)
+        } else {
+            format!("http://{}/{}", host, tail)
+        });
+    }
+
+    let is_tilde = s.starts_with("~/");
+    let rest = s.strip_prefix("~/").or_else(|| s.strip_prefix("/")).unwrap_or(s);
+
+    let tail = rest
+        .split('/')
+        .filter_map(|seg| {
+            let t = seg.trim();
+            if t.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(t.to_lowercase())
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("/");
+
+    if is_tilde {
+        if tail.is_empty() {
+            return SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT.to_string();
+        }
+        format!("https://slug.social/~/{}", tail)
+    } else if tail.is_empty() {
+        "https://slug.social".to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("https://slug.social/{}", tail)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn item_path_segments(input: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    let canonical = canonicalize_item(input);
+    if canonical.is_empty() {
+        return vec![];
+    }
+
+    if let Some(rest) = canonical.strip_prefix("https://") {
+        let (host, tail) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
+        let mut out = vec![format!("https://{}", host)];
+        out.extend(tail.split('/').filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).map(|s| s.to_string()));
+        return out;
+    }
+    if let Some(rest) = canonical.strip_prefix("http://") {
+        let (host, tail) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
+        let mut out = vec![format!("http://{}", host)];
+        out.extend(tail.split('/').filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).map(|s| s.to_string()));
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    canonical
+        .split('/')
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .map(|s| s.to_string())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub fn item_parent_path(input: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let segs = item_path_segments(input);
+    if segs.len() <= 1 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(segs[..segs.len() - 1].join("/"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn external_display_dash_prefix(host_and_path: &str) -> String {
+    let (host, path) = host_and_path
+        .split_once('/')
+        .map_or((host_and_path, ""), |(h, p)| (h, p));
+    let host = host.trim().to_lowercase();
+    let path = path
+        .trim_end_matches('/')
+        .split('/')
+        .filter_map(|seg| {
+            let t = seg.trim();
+            if t.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(t.to_lowercase())
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("/");
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        format!("-/{}", host)
+    } else {
+        format!("-/{}", format!("{}/{}", host, path))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/types/src/lib.rs b/types/src/lib.rs
index ceaa574cd32b7e7eb397c9a3191fcbc037b8c606..05bcfcfbf48f1dc7a4c05e32055bd12eb5cfd623 100644
--- a/types/src/lib.rs
+++ b/types/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 pub mod url_normalize;
+pub mod item_wire;
+pub mod item_id;
 pub mod paths;
 pub mod timeago;
 
+pub use item_id::ItemId;
+pub use item_wire::{
+    canonicalize_item, item_parent_path, item_path_segments, normalize_slug_ontology_storage_url,
+    SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT,
+};
 pub use paths::{
-    canonicalize_item, canonicalize_tag, item_parent_path, item_path_segments, normalize_slug_ontology_storage_url,
-    CanonicalItemUrl, ForumThreadUrl, GardenItemUrl, RelativePath, SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT,
+    canonicalize_tag, ForumThreadUrl, GardenItemUrl, RelativePath,
     room_id_from_route_segment, room_route_segment, ROOM_SHORT_ID_LEN,
-    TildeHttpPathTail, TildeOntologyPath, TildePath, tilde_http_path_to_canonical,
+    TildeHttpPathTail, TildeOntologyPath, TildePath, tilde_http_path_to_item_id,
 };
 pub use url_normalize::normalize_http_identity_url;
 
diff --git a/types/src/paths.rs b/types/src/paths.rs
index 5c60e762c2ca74d79c74237097d5bcc02ba74af2..a1d066d83e7fbcefc27707dd682e54dbcec1cc56 100644
--- a/types/src/paths.rs
+++ b/types/src/paths.rs
@@ -3,37 +3,23 @@
 //!
 //! ## String kinds (parse in this module only)
 //!
-//! - **[`canonicalize_item`] / [`CanonicalItemUrl`]** — graph storage key and DSL form; tilde
+//! - **[`canonicalize_item`] / [`crate::ItemId`]** — graph storage key and DSL form; tilde
 //!   ontology root is always [`SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT`] (no `…/~/` trailing slash only).
 //! - **[`TildeHttpPathTail`]** — capture from `GET /~/*path` or `…/r/{short}{slug}/~/…` (the `*path` segment).
 //! - **`-/…` wire form** — external items; see [`canonicalize_item`] dash branch.
 //! - **[`GardenItemUrl`], [`ForumThreadUrl`]** — JSON / browser href surfaces.
 //! - **[`ROOM_SHORT_ID_LEN`] / [`room_route_segment`]** — `/r/{short}{slug}` vs wire `short/slug`.
 
-use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::url_normalize::{host_preserves_dash_path_case, normalize_http_identity_url};
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Slug tilde ontology (single storage form for `~/`)
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/// Canonical absolute URL for the tilde ontology **root** (`~/` in UI). Used as the
-/// `item_children` parent key for top-level items and must match [`CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root`].
-pub const SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT: &str = "https://slug.social/~";
-
-/// Collapse legacy or parser variants of the ontology root to [`SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT`].
-pub fn normalize_slug_ontology_storage_url(s: &str) -> String {
-    if s == "https://slug.social/~/" {
-        SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT.to_string()
-    } else {
-        s.to_string()
-    }
-}
+use crate::item_id::ItemId;
+pub use crate::item_wire::{
+    canonicalize_item, item_parent_path, item_path_segments, normalize_slug_ontology_storage_url,
+    SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT,
+};
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Private room HTTP path (`/r/{short}{slug}`; wire id remains `short/slug`)
@@ -84,310 +70,10 @@ pub fn canonicalize_tag(input: &str) -> String {
     input.trim().trim_start_matches('#').to_lowercase()
 }
 
-fn finalize_external_identity_url(s: String) -> String {
-    if s.starts_with("https://slug.social/") {
-        return s;
-    }
-    let normalized = normalize_http_identity_url(&s).unwrap_or_else(|| s.clone());
-    strip_redundant_root_slash(&normalized).unwrap_or(normalized)
-}
-
-/// `url::Url` serializes bare hosts with a `/` path; we keep host-only items slash-free for stable
-/// keys matching the pre-normalizer spellings.
-fn strip_redundant_root_slash(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
-    let u = url::Url::parse(s).ok()?;
-    if u.path() == "/" && u.query().is_none() && u.fragment().is_none() {
-        let scheme = u.scheme();
-        let host = u.host_str()?;
-        return Some(match u.port() {
-            Some(p) => format!("{scheme}://{host}:{p}"),
-            None => format!("{scheme}://{host}"),
-        });
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-/// Ontology item reference → canonical absolute URL on the slug host.
-pub fn canonicalize_item(input: &str) -> String {
-    let s = input.trim();
-    if s.is_empty() {
-        return String::new();
-    }
-
-    // External scope: `-/host/path` is the universal alias for `https://host/path`.
-    if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("-/") {
-        let (host, tail) = rest
-            .split_once('/')
-            .map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
-        let host = host.trim().to_lowercase();
-        if host.is_empty() {
-            return String::new();
-        }
-        let preserve_case = host_preserves_dash_path_case(&host);
-        return if tail.is_empty() {
-            finalize_external_identity_url(format!("https://{}", host))
-        } else {
-            let path = tail
-                .trim_start_matches('/')
-                .trim_end_matches('/')
-                .split('/')
-                .filter_map(|seg| {
-                    let t = seg.trim();
-                    if t.is_empty() {
-                        None
-                    } else if preserve_case {
-                        Some(t.to_string())
-                    } else {
-                        Some(t.to_lowercase())
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join("/");
-            finalize_external_identity_url(format!("https://{}/{}", host, path))
-        };
-    }
-
-    if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("https://") {
-        let (host, tail) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
-        let host = host.trim().to_lowercase();
-        return finalize_external_identity_url(if tail.is_empty() {
-            format!("https://{}", host)
-        } else {
-            format!("https://{}/{}", host, tail)
-        });
-    }
-    if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("http://") {
-        let (host, tail) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
-        let host = host.trim().to_lowercase();
-        return finalize_external_identity_url(if tail.is_empty() {
-            format!("http://{}", host)
-        } else {
-            format!("http://{}/{}", host, tail)
-        });
-    }
-
-    let is_tilde = s.starts_with("~/");
-    let rest = s.strip_prefix("~/").or_else(|| s.strip_prefix("/")).unwrap_or(s);
-
-    let tail = rest
-        .split('/')
-        .filter_map(|seg| {
-            let t = seg.trim();
-            if t.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(t.to_lowercase())
-            }
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        .join("/");
-
-    if is_tilde {
-        if tail.is_empty() {
-            return SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT.to_string();
-        }
-        format!("https://slug.social/~/{}", tail)
-    } else if tail.is_empty() {
-        "https://slug.social".to_string()
-    } else {
-        format!("https://slug.social/{}", tail)
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn item_path_segments(input: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-    let canonical = canonicalize_item(input);
-    if canonical.is_empty() {
-        return vec![];
-    }
-
-    if let Some(rest) = canonical.strip_prefix("https://") {
-        let (host, tail) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
-        let mut out = vec![format!("https://{}", host)];
-        out.extend(tail.split('/').filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).map(|s| s.to_string()));
-        return out;
-    }
-    if let Some(rest) = canonical.strip_prefix("http://") {
-        let (host, tail) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, t)| (h, t));
-        let mut out = vec![format!("http://{}", host)];
-        out.extend(tail.split('/').filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).map(|s| s.to_string()));
-        return out;
-    }
-
-    canonical
-        .split('/')
-        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
-        .map(|s| s.to_string())
-        .collect()
-}
-
-pub fn item_parent_path(input: &str) -> Option<String> {
-    let segs = item_path_segments(input);
-    if segs.len() <= 1 {
-        return None;
-    }
-    Some(segs[..segs.len() - 1].join("/"))
-}
-
-fn external_display_dash_prefix(host_and_path: &str) -> String {
-    let (host, path) = host_and_path
-        .split_once('/')
-        .map_or((host_and_path, ""), |(h, p)| (h, p));
-    let host = host.trim().to_lowercase();
-    let path = path
-        .trim_end_matches('/')
-        .split('/')
-        .filter_map(|seg| {
-            let t = seg.trim();
-            if t.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(t.to_lowercase())
-            }
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        .join("/");
-    if path.is_empty() {
-        format!("-/{}", host)
-    } else {
-        format!("-/{}", format!("{}/{}", host, path))
-    }
-}
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Storage + input path newtypes
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/// Canonical item identifier as produced by [`canonicalize_item`].
-///
-/// Shared across all scopes; room is not embedded. Usually
-/// `https://slug.social/~/…` or an external `http(s)://…` URL item.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct CanonicalItemUrl(pub String);
-
-impl CanonicalItemUrl {
-    pub fn parse(input: &str) -> Option<Self> {
-        let c = canonicalize_item(input);
-        if c.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(Self(normalize_slug_ontology_storage_url(&c)))
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.0
-    }
-
-    /// Collapses legacy slug ontology root spellings so [`HashMap`] keys match the reducer graph.
-    pub fn normalized_storage(self) -> Self {
-        Self(normalize_slug_ontology_storage_url(self.as_str()))
-    }
-
-    pub fn tilde_tail(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        if let Some(tail) = self.0.strip_prefix("https://slug.social/~/") {
-            return Some(tail);
-        }
-        if self.0 == SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT || self.0 == "https://slug.social/~/" {
-            return Some("");
-        }
-        None
-    }
-
-    pub fn last_segment(&self) -> &str {
-        self.0
-            .rsplit('/')
-            .find(|s| !s.is_empty())
-            .unwrap_or(self.0.as_str())
-    }
-
-    pub fn ontology_root() -> Self {
-        Self(SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT.to_string())
-    }
-
-    pub fn parent(&self) -> Option<Self> {
-        if self.tilde_tail().is_some() {
-            if self.tilde_tail().map(|t| t.is_empty()).unwrap_or(true) {
-                return None;
-            }
-            let last_slash = self.0.rfind('/')?;
-            let parent_str = &self.0[..last_slash];
-            if parent_str.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(Self(parent_str.to_string()))
-            }
-        } else if let Some(rest) = self.0.strip_prefix("https://") {
-            Self::parent_http_url("https://", rest)
-        } else if let Some(rest) = self.0.strip_prefix("http://") {
-            Self::parent_http_url("http://", rest)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn parent_http_url(scheme: &'static str, rest: &str) -> Option<Self> {
-        let (host, path) = rest.split_once('/').map_or((rest, ""), |(h, p)| (h, p));
-        let host = host.trim();
-        let path = path.trim_end_matches('/');
-        if path.is_empty() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let parent_path = path.rsplit_once('/').map(|(p, _)| p).unwrap_or("");
-        if parent_path.is_empty() {
-            Some(Self(format!("{scheme}{}", host)))
-        } else {
-            Some(Self(format!("{scheme}{}/{}", host, parent_path)))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// `-/` representation for external `https://…` items, `~/…` for slug ontology, else unchanged.
-    pub fn display_path(&self) -> String {
-        if let Some(tail) = self.tilde_tail() {
-            if tail.is_empty() {
-                return "~/".to_string();
-            }
-            return format!("~/{}", tail);
-        }
-        if let Some(tail) = self.0.strip_prefix("https://") {
-            if tail.starts_with("slug.social") {
-                self.0.clone()
-            } else {
-                external_display_dash_prefix(tail)
-            }
-        } else if let Some(tail) = self.0.strip_prefix("http://") {
-            if tail.starts_with("slug.social") {
-                self.0.clone()
-            } else {
-                external_display_dash_prefix(tail)
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.0.clone()
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn tilde_segments(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
-        match self.tilde_tail() {
-            Some(tail) if !tail.is_empty() => {
-                std::iter::once("~")
-                    .chain(tail.split('/').filter(|s| !s.is_empty()))
-                    .collect()
-            }
-            Some(_) => vec!["~"],
-            None => vec![],
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// `~/…` list label for ontology items (paths index, CLI).
-    pub fn tilde_list_label(&self) -> TildeOntologyPath {
-        TildeOntologyPath::from_stored(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Absolute href for JSON/RPC and browsers for this stored id in `room`.
-    pub fn json_href(&self, room_wire: &str) -> GardenItemUrl {
-        GardenItemUrl::from_stored(self, room_wire)
-    }
-}
-
 /// HTTP route capture: path segment after `~/` in `GET /~/*path` or `…/r/{short}{slug}/~/…` (empty = ontology root).
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct TildeHttpPathTail(pub String);
@@ -401,13 +87,13 @@ impl TildeHttpPathTail {
         &self.0
     }
 
-    pub fn to_canonical(&self) -> CanonicalItemUrl {
-        tilde_http_path_to_canonical(self.as_str())
+    pub fn to_item_id(&self) -> ItemId {
+        tilde_http_path_to_item_id(self.as_str())
     }
 }
 
-/// Map the router's tilde tail (e.g. `topic/a`, or empty for root) to a [`CanonicalItemUrl`].
-pub fn tilde_http_path_to_canonical(path_segment: &str) -> CanonicalItemUrl {
+/// Map the router's tilde tail (e.g. `topic/a`, or empty for root) to an [`ItemId`].
+pub fn tilde_http_path_to_item_id(path_segment: &str) -> ItemId {
     let p = path_segment.trim_start_matches('/');
     let raw = if p.starts_with("http://") || p.starts_with("https://") {
         p.to_string()
@@ -416,37 +102,7 @@ pub fn tilde_http_path_to_canonical(path_segment: &str) -> CanonicalItemUrl {
     } else {
         format!("~/{}", p)
     };
-    CanonicalItemUrl::parse(&raw).unwrap_or_else(|| CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root())
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for CanonicalItemUrl {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.0.fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Borrow<str> for CanonicalItemUrl {
-    fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.0
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq<str> for CanonicalItemUrl {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
-        self.0 == other
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq<&str> for CanonicalItemUrl {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
-        self.0 == *other
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq<String> for CanonicalItemUrl {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &String) -> bool {
-        &self.0 == other
-    }
+    ItemId::parse(&raw).unwrap_or_else(ItemId::ontology_root)
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -468,8 +124,8 @@ impl TildePath {
         &self.0
     }
 
-    pub fn canonicalize(&self) -> Option<CanonicalItemUrl> {
-        CanonicalItemUrl::parse(&self.0)
+    pub fn canonicalize(&self) -> Option<ItemId> {
+        ItemId::parse(&self.0)
     }
 }
 
@@ -496,7 +152,7 @@ impl RelativePath {
         &self.0
     }
 
-    pub fn join_under_ontology_root(&self, root: &CanonicalItemUrl) -> Option<CanonicalItemUrl> {
+    pub fn join_under_ontology_root(&self, root: &ItemId) -> Option<ItemId> {
         let base = root.tilde_tail()?;
         let joined = if base.is_empty() {
             if self.0.is_empty() {
@@ -509,7 +165,7 @@ impl RelativePath {
         } else {
             format!("~/{}/{}", base.trim_end_matches('/'), self.0)
         };
-        CanonicalItemUrl::parse(&joined)
+        ItemId::parse(&joined)
     }
 }
 
@@ -545,14 +201,17 @@ impl GardenItemUrl {
         self.0
     }
 
-    /// Stored canonical id + RPC `room` field (`"public"` or `"short/slug"`).
-    pub fn from_stored(stored: &CanonicalItemUrl, room_wire: &str) -> Self {
-        Self(garden_href_string(stored.as_str(), room_wire))
+    /// Stored item id + RPC `room` field (`"public"` or `"short/slug"`).
+    pub fn from_stored(stored: &ItemId, room_wire: &str) -> Self {
+        Self(garden_href_string(stored, room_wire))
     }
 
     /// Like [`Self::from_stored`] but accepts a string that may already be canonical.
     pub fn from_storage_str(stored: &str, room_wire: &str) -> Self {
-        Self(garden_href_string(stored, room_wire))
+        let Some(id) = ItemId::parse(stored) else {
+            return Self(api_path_or_url(stored));
+        };
+        Self(garden_href_string(&id, room_wire))
     }
 }
 
@@ -570,18 +229,15 @@ impl Deref for GardenItemUrl {
     }
 }
 
-fn garden_href_string(item: &str, room_wire: &str) -> String {
+fn garden_href_string(c: &ItemId, room_wire: &str) -> String {
     let room = room_wire.trim();
     if room.is_empty() || room == "public" {
-        return api_path_or_url(item);
+        return api_path_or_url(c.as_str());
     }
     let Some(room_seg) = room_route_segment(room) else {
-        return api_path_or_url(item);
-    };
-    let Some(c) = CanonicalItemUrl::parse(item) else {
-        return api_path_or_url(item);
+        return api_path_or_url(c.as_str());
     };
-    let root = CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root();
+    let root = ItemId::ontology_root();
     let item_norm = c.as_str().trim_end_matches('/');
     let root_norm = root.as_str().trim_end_matches('/');
     if let Some(tail) = c.tilde_tail() {
@@ -600,7 +256,7 @@ fn garden_href_string(item: &str, room_wire: &str) -> String {
         let tail = tail.strip_prefix("-/").unwrap_or(tail.as_str());
         return format!("https://slug.social/r/{room_seg}/-/{tail}");
     }
-    api_path_or_url(item)
+    api_path_or_url(c.as_str())
 }
 
 /// Forum thread URL for JSON (`/t/…` or `/r/…/t/…` on slug.social).
@@ -650,7 +306,7 @@ impl Deref for ForumThreadUrl {
 pub struct TildeOntologyPath(pub String);
 
 impl TildeOntologyPath {
-    pub fn from_stored(c: &CanonicalItemUrl) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_stored(c: &ItemId) -> Self {
         Self(c.display_path())
     }
 
@@ -679,22 +335,22 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn canonical_parent_deep() {
-        let c = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("~/a/b/c").unwrap();
+        let c = ItemId::parse("~/a/b/c").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(c.parent().unwrap().as_str(), "https://slug.social/~/a/b");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn canonical_parent_one_level() {
-        let c = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("~/a").unwrap();
+        let c = ItemId::parse("~/a").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(c.parent().unwrap().as_str(), "https://slug.social/~");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn canonical_parent_root_is_none() {
-        let root = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("~/").unwrap();
+        let root = ItemId::parse("~/").unwrap();
         assert!(root.parent().is_none());
         assert_eq!(root.as_str(), SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT);
-        assert_eq!(root, CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root());
+        assert_eq!(root, ItemId::ontology_root());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -705,49 +361,49 @@ mod tests {
             SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT.to_string()
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            CanonicalItemUrl::parse("https://slug.social/~/")
+            ItemId::parse("https://slug.social/~/")
                 .unwrap()
                 .as_str(),
             SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT
         );
-        let legacy = CanonicalItemUrl("https://slug.social/~/".to_string());
+        let legacy = ItemId::opaque("https://slug.social/~/".to_string());
         assert_eq!(legacy.normalized_storage().as_str(), SLUG_TILDE_ONTOLOGY_ROOT);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn tilde_http_path_tail_maps_router_segment() {
         assert_eq!(
-            TildeHttpPathTail::new("").to_canonical(),
-            CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root()
+            TildeHttpPathTail::new("").to_item_id(),
+            ItemId::ontology_root()
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            tilde_http_path_to_canonical("topic/x").as_str(),
+            tilde_http_path_to_item_id("topic/x").as_str(),
             "https://slug.social/~/topic/x"
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn display_path_slug_ontology_root() {
-        let r = CanonicalItemUrl::ontology_root();
+        let r = ItemId::ontology_root();
         assert_eq!(r.display_path(), "~/");
         assert_eq!(r.tilde_tail(), Some(""));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn tilde_segments_deep() {
-        let c = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("~/a/b").unwrap();
+        let c = ItemId::parse("~/a/b").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(c.tilde_segments(), vec!["~", "a", "b"]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn tilde_segments_root() {
-        let c = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("~/").unwrap();
+        let c = ItemId::parse("~/").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(c.tilde_segments(), vec!["~"]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn tilde_segments_non_ontology_is_empty() {
-        let c = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("https://example.com/foo").unwrap();
+        let c = ItemId::parse("https://example.com/foo").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(c.tilde_segments(), Vec::<&str>::new());
     }
 
@@ -831,28 +487,28 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn canonical_item_url_parent_external_strips_last_segment() {
-        let c = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("https://spotify.com/track/1").unwrap();
+    fn item_id_parent_external_strips_last_segment() {
+        let c = ItemId::parse("https://spotify.com/track/1").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             c.parent().unwrap().as_str(),
             "https://spotify.com/track"
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            CanonicalItemUrl::parse("https://github.com/iss/1")
+            ItemId::parse("https://github.com/iss/1")
                 .unwrap()
                 .parent()
                 .unwrap()
                 .as_str(),
             "https://github.com/iss"
         );
-        assert!(CanonicalItemUrl::parse("https://github.com").unwrap().parent().is_none());
+        assert!(ItemId::parse("https://github.com").unwrap().parent().is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn display_path_roundtrips_dash_and_tilde() {
-        let ext = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("https://GitHub.com/org/Issue").unwrap();
+        let ext = ItemId::parse("https://GitHub.com/org/Issue").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(ext.display_path(), "-/github.com/org/issue");
-        let tilde = CanonicalItemUrl::parse("~/Rust/Doc").unwrap();
+        let tilde = ItemId::parse("~/Rust/Doc").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(tilde.display_path(), "~/rust/doc");
     }
 


Side B — contributor: tommy-mor
Side B — commit message:
[52f5c51c] Add Reddit OAuth linking and make UUID the only account identity.

OAuth providers only attach to a session UUID (first link creates the
principal); linked providers stay private on the account page.

Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>

Side B — unified diff (full patch):
diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index 6e0fd8ebb65d665c9c1438e3275971d62b98fd95..e9cc3173dbeb21ad0fc090ca7b407b027c7820a9 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -35,8 +35,11 @@ Environment variables (defaults in `server/src/state.rs`):
 - `SORTER2_DATA_DIR` — default `./data` (created on startup)
 - `SORTER2_EVENT_LOG` — default `{data_dir}/events.jsonl`
 - `SORTER2_BASE_URL` — public origin (also drives Secure cookies when `https://`)
-- `GITHUB_CLIENT_ID` / `GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET` — GitHub OAuth (optional; login disabled if unset)
-- `SORTER2_ALLOW_MOCK_OAUTH=1` — allow `mock_user` on `/auth/github` (tests only)
+- `GITHUB_CLIENT_ID` / `GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET` — GitHub OAuth linking (optional)
+- `REDDIT_CLIENT_ID` / `REDDIT_CLIENT_SECRET` (or `REDDIT_APP_*`) — Reddit API import + OAuth linking (optional)
+- `SORTER2_ALLOW_MOCK_OAUTH=1` — allow `mock_user` on `/auth/github` and `/auth/reddit` (tests only)
+
+Identity: UUID is canonical. OAuth providers only *link* to a UUID (first link creates the principal). Linked providers are private to the account owner.
 
 Health check: `GET /healthz` → `ok`.
 
diff --git a/server/src/auth/mod.rs b/server/src/auth/mod.rs
index 5906f93b13853421e96a3c37bc9d8202a47842bf..c706ae8045a811e5941f5f6c72da88f42a403a82 100644
--- a/server/src/auth/mod.rs
+++ b/server/src/auth/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-//! GitHub OAuth login, session cookies, and vote actor resolution.
+//! OAuth linking, session cookies, and vote actor resolution.
+//!
+//! Canonical identity is a UUID. OAuth providers only *link* to that UUID
+//! (first link creates the principal; later links attach while logged in).
+//! Which providers are linked is private to the account owner.
 
 pub mod config;
 pub mod identity;
@@ -22,7 +26,9 @@ use crate::{
     form_template::template_json_compact,
     html::layout,
     state::AppState,
-    storage_schema::{oauth_link_owner, pseudonym_owner, Store, StoreFields},
+    storage_schema::{
+        linked_providers_for_uuid, oauth_link_owner, pseudonym_owner, Store, StoreFields,
+    },
     ui_action::UI_RPC_FIELD,
 };
 
@@ -53,10 +59,12 @@ fn new_actor_uuid() -> String {
 pub struct LoginQuery {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub return_to: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub error: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-pub struct GitHubStartQuery {
+pub struct OAuthStartQuery {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub return_to: Option<String>,
     #[serde(default)]
@@ -72,15 +80,22 @@ fn return_from_query_or_jar(jar: &CookieJar, query: Option<&str>) -> String {
         .unwrap_or_else(|| "/".to_string())
 }
 
-fn oauth_providers(base_url: &str, return_to: &str) -> Vec<(&'static str, String)> {
+/// Available OAuth link targets: `(provider_key, label, start_href)`.
+fn oauth_providers(base_url: &str, return_to: &str) -> Vec<(&'static str, &'static str, String)> {
     let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let enc = urlencoding::encode(return_to);
     if oauth::GitHubConfig::from_env(base_url).is_some() {
         out.push((
-            "GitHub",
-            format!(
-                "/auth/github?return_to={}",
-                urlencoding::encode(return_to)
-            ),
+            "github",
+            oauth::provider_label("github"),
+            format!("/auth/github?return_to={enc}"),
+        ));
+    }
+    if oauth::RedditConfig::from_env(base_url).is_some() {
+        out.push((
+            "reddit",
+            oauth::provider_label("reddit"),
+            format!("/auth/reddit?return_to={enc}"),
         ));
     }
     out
@@ -125,23 +140,41 @@ fn alias_claim_forms(return_to: &str, submit_label: &str) -> Result<Markup, Stat
     })
 }
 
-fn signed_out_body(providers: &[(&str, String)]) -> Markup {
+fn login_error_message(code: Option<&str>) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    match code {
+        Some("oauth_taken") => {
+            Some("that OAuth account is already linked to a different sorter2 account")
+        }
+        Some("oauth_failed") => Some("OAuth failed — try again"),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn signed_out_body(
+    providers: &[(&str, &str, String)],
+    error: Option<&str>,
+) -> Markup {
     html! {
         main class="panel login-page" {
             section class="login-section" {
                 h1 { "sign in" }
-                p class="muted" { "link an account to vote under a lasting alias" }
+                p class="muted" {
+                    "link an OAuth account to create your identity, then claim an alias to vote"
+                }
+                @if let Some(msg) = login_error_message(error) {
+                    p class="alias-bad" data-testid="login-error" { (msg) }
+                }
                 @if providers.is_empty() {
                     p class="muted" {
-                        "OAuth is not configured. Set GITHUB_CLIENT_ID and GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET."
+                        "OAuth is not configured. Set GitHub and/or Reddit client credentials."
                     }
                 } @else {
                     ul class="oauth-provider-list" {
-                        @for (name, href) in providers {
+                        @for (key, label, href) in providers {
                             li {
                                 a href=(href) class="btn-primary oauth-provider"
-                                    data-testid=(format!("oauth-{}", name.to_lowercase())) {
-                                    (format!("Continue with {name}"))
+                                    data-testid=(format!("oauth-{key}")) {
+                                    (format!("Link {label}"))
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -156,7 +189,10 @@ fn signed_out_body(providers: &[(&str, String)]) -> Markup {
 fn account_body(
     actor: &session::SessionActor,
     aliases: &[String],
-    providers: &[(&str, String)],
+    // Provider keys already linked to this UUID (private).
+    linked: &[String],
+    // Providers available to link: not yet attached.
+    unlinkable: &[(&str, &str, String)],
     claim_forms: Markup,
 ) -> Markup {
     let current = actor.pseudonym.trim();
@@ -212,16 +248,29 @@ fn account_body(
                 (claim_forms)
             }
 
-            @if !providers.is_empty() {
-                section class="login-section" {
-                    h2 { "linked sign-in" }
-                    p class="muted small" { "sign in again with the same provider to return to this account" }
+            section class="login-section" {
+                h2 { "linked sign-in" }
+                p class="muted small" {
+                    "private to you — linking more providers raises trust weight without publishing which accounts you use"
+                }
+                @if linked.is_empty() {
+                    p class="muted" data-testid="linked-providers-empty" { "none yet" }
+                } @else {
+                    ul class="linked-provider-list" data-testid="linked-providers" {
+                        @for key in linked {
+                            li data-testid=(format!("linked-{key}")) {
+                                (oauth::provider_label(key))
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                @if !unlinkable.is_empty() {
                     ul class="oauth-provider-list" {
-                        @for (name, href) in providers {
+                        @for (key, label, href) in unlinkable {
                             li {
                                 a href=(href) class="btn-secondary oauth-provider"
-                                    data-testid=(format!("oauth-relink-{}", name.to_lowercase())) {
-                                    (format!("Re-link {name}"))
+                                    data-testid=(format!("oauth-link-{key}")) {
+                                    (format!("Link {label}"))
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -243,12 +292,21 @@ fn account_body(
 fn login_body(
     session: Option<&session::SessionActor>,
     aliases: &[String],
-    providers: &[(&str, String)],
+    linked: &[String],
+    providers: &[(&str, &str, String)],
     claim_forms: Option<Markup>,
+    error: Option<&str>,
 ) -> Markup {
     match (session, claim_forms) {
-        (Some(actor), Some(forms)) => account_body(actor, aliases, providers, forms),
-        _ => signed_out_body(providers),
+        (Some(actor), Some(forms)) => {
+            let unlinkable: Vec<_> = providers
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|(key, _, _)| !linked.iter().any(|p| p == key))
+                .cloned()
+                .collect();
+            account_body(actor, aliases, linked, &unlinkable, forms)
+        }
+        _ => signed_out_body(providers, error),
     }
 }
 
@@ -268,6 +326,10 @@ pub async fn login_page(
         .as_ref()
         .map(|s| alias_list(db, &s.uuid))
         .unwrap_or_default();
+    let linked = session
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|s| linked_providers_for_uuid(db, &s.uuid).unwrap_or_default())
+        .unwrap_or_default();
     let providers = oauth_providers(&base_url_from_env(state.cfg.port), &return_to);
 
     let claim_forms = if session.is_some() {
@@ -282,7 +344,14 @@ pub async fn login_page(
         } else {
             "login · sorter2"
         },
-        login_body(session.as_ref(), &aliases, &providers, claim_forms),
+        login_body(
+            session.as_ref(),
+            &aliases,
+            &linked,
+            &providers,
+            claim_forms,
+            query.error.as_deref(),
+        ),
         state.views.get_views("/login"),
         session
             .as_ref()
@@ -302,7 +371,6 @@ pub async fn alias_page(
     let db = state.projection_store.db();
     let session = session::load_valid_session(db, &session_id).ok_or(StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED)?;
     if session::session_has_pseudonym(&session) {
-        // Already onboarded — manage aliases on the account page.
         return Ok(Redirect::to("/login").into_response());
     }
 
@@ -331,7 +399,7 @@ pub async fn alias_page(
 pub async fn github_start(
     State(state): State<AppState>,
     jar: CookieJar,
-    Query(query): Query<GitHubStartQuery>,
+    Query(query): Query<OAuthStartQuery>,
 ) -> Result<Response, StatusCode> {
     let cfg = oauth::GitHubConfig::from_env(&base_url_from_env(state.cfg.port))
         .ok_or(StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE)?;
@@ -342,7 +410,28 @@ pub async fn github_start(
     } else {
         None
     };
-    let url = oauth::authorize_url(&cfg, &state_token, mock_user);
+    let url = oauth::github_authorize_url(&cfg, &state_token, mock_user);
+    let jar = jar
+        .add(session::oauth_state_cookie_value(&state_token))
+        .add(session::auth_return_cookie_value(&return_to));
+    Ok((jar, Redirect::temporary(&url)).into_response())
+}
+
+pub async fn reddit_start(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    jar: CookieJar,
+    Query(query): Query<OAuthStartQuery>,
+) -> Result<Response, StatusCode> {
+    let cfg = oauth::RedditConfig::from_env(&base_url_from_env(state.cfg.port))
+        .ok_or(StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE)?;
+    let return_to = return_from_query_or_jar(&jar, query.return_to.as_deref());
+    let state_token = session::new_oauth_state();
+    let mock_user = if config::mock_oauth_allowed() {
+        query.mock_user.as_deref()
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let url = oauth::reddit_authorize_url(&cfg, &state_token, mock_user);
     let jar = jar
         .add(session::oauth_state_cookie_value(&state_token))
         .add(session::auth_return_cookie_value(&return_to));
@@ -355,6 +444,13 @@ pub struct OAuthCallbackQuery {
     pub state: String,
 }
 
+/// Link `provider:provider_id` to a UUID.
+///
+/// - Logged in + new provider → attach to session UUID
+/// - Logged in + already ours → no-op
+/// - Logged in + owned by someone else → conflict
+/// - Logged out + known link → resume that UUID
+/// - Logged out + unknown → create principal + first link
 async fn finish_oauth_login(
     state: &AppState,
     jar: CookieJar,
@@ -364,11 +460,41 @@ async fn finish_oauth_login(
     let db = state.projection_store.db();
     let return_to = return_from_query_or_jar(&jar, None);
 
-    let uuid = match oauth_link_owner(db, provider, &provider_id)
-        .map_err(|_| StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)?
-    {
-        Some(existing) => existing,
-        None => {
+    let existing_owner = oauth_link_owner(db, provider, &provider_id)
+        .map_err(|_| StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)?;
+
+    let session_uuid = session::session_id_from_jar(&jar)
+        .as_deref()
+        .and_then(|id| session::load_valid_session(db, id))
+        .map(|s| s.uuid);
+    let linking_while_logged_in = session_uuid.is_some();
+
+    let uuid = match (session_uuid, existing_owner) {
+        (Some(session_uuid), Some(owner)) if owner == session_uuid => session_uuid,
+        (Some(_), Some(_)) => {
+            return Ok((
+                jar.add(session::clear_oauth_state_cookie()),
+                "/login?error=oauth_taken".into(),
+            ));
+        }
+        (Some(session_uuid), None) => {
+            let ts = now_ms();
+            state
+                .append_identity_events(vec![Event::OauthLinked {
+                    uuid: session_uuid.clone(),
+                    provider: provider.to_string(),
+                    provider_id,
+                    ts,
+                }])
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    tracing::warn!(err = %e, "oauth link append failed");
+                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
+                })?;
+            session_uuid
+        }
+        (None, Some(owner)) => owner,
+        (None, None) => {
             let uuid = new_actor_uuid();
             let ts = now_ms();
             state
@@ -409,6 +535,9 @@ async fn finish_oauth_login(
             "/login/alias?return_to={}",
             urlencoding::encode(&return_to)
         )
+    } else if linking_while_logged_in {
+        // Additional link while already in an account → stay on account page.
+        "/login".to_string()
     } else {
         return_to
     };
@@ -434,22 +563,57 @@ pub async fn github_callback(
         .build()
         .map_err(|_| StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)?;
 
-    let token = oauth::exchange_code(&client, &cfg, &query.code)
+    let token = oauth::github_exchange_code(&client, &cfg, &query.code)
         .await
         .map_err(|e| {
             tracing::warn!(err = %e, "github oauth token exchange failed");
             StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY
         })?;
-    let user = oauth::fetch_user(&client, &cfg.api_base, &token)
+    let user = oauth::github_fetch_user(&client, &cfg.api_base, &token)
         .await
         .map_err(|e| {
             tracing::warn!(err = %e, "github user fetch failed");
             StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY
         })?;
 
-    let provider = "github";
-    let provider_id = oauth::provider_id(&user);
-    let (jar, dest) = finish_oauth_login(&state, jar, provider, provider_id).await?;
+    let (jar, dest) =
+        finish_oauth_login(&state, jar, "github", oauth::github_provider_id(&user)).await?;
+    Ok((jar, Redirect::to(&dest)).into_response())
+}
+
+pub async fn reddit_callback(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    jar: CookieJar,
+    Query(query): Query<OAuthCallbackQuery>,
+) -> Result<Response, StatusCode> {
+    let cfg = oauth::RedditConfig::from_env(&base_url_from_env(state.cfg.port))
+        .ok_or(StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE)?;
+
+    let expected_state = session::oauth_state_from_jar(&jar).ok_or(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)?;
+    if expected_state != query.state {
+        return Err(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
+    }
+
+    let client = Client::builder()
+        .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(15))
+        .build()
+        .map_err(|_| StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)?;
+
+    let token = oauth::reddit_exchange_code(&client, &cfg, &query.code)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            tracing::warn!(err = %e, "reddit oauth token exchange failed");
+            StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY
+        })?;
+    let user = oauth::reddit_fetch_user(&client, &cfg, &token)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            tracing::warn!(err = %e, "reddit user fetch failed");
+            StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY
+        })?;
+
+    let (jar, dest) =
+        finish_oauth_login(&state, jar, "reddit", oauth::reddit_provider_id(&user)).await?;
     Ok((jar, Redirect::to(&dest)).into_response())
 }
 
diff --git a/server/src/auth/oauth.rs b/server/src/auth/oauth.rs
index b80078fee0c5acd905b9125d29454e46c4e0d066..369b1527d9032cf312a07819279e0f988ef4a36e 100644
--- a/server/src/auth/oauth.rs
+++ b/server/src/auth/oauth.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
-//! GitHub OAuth (raw reqwest, same style as reddit.rs).
+//! OAuth providers (GitHub + Reddit). Provider accounts only *link* to a UUID;
+//! the UUID is the canonical identity. Which providers are linked is private.
 
 use reqwest::Client;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 
+use crate::reddit::{
+    default_user_agent, reddit_oauth_api_base, reddit_oauth_token_base,
+};
+
+// ── GitHub ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GitHubConfig {
     pub client_id: String,
@@ -40,7 +47,7 @@ impl GitHubConfig {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-struct TokenResponse {
+struct GitHubTokenResponse {
     access_token: String,
 }
 
@@ -50,7 +57,7 @@ pub struct GitHubUser {
     pub login: String,
 }
 
-pub fn authorize_url(cfg: &GitHubConfig, state: &str, mock_user: Option<&str>) -> String {
+pub fn github_authorize_url(cfg: &GitHubConfig, state: &str, mock_user: Option<&str>) -> String {
     let mut url = format!(
         "{}/login/oauth/authorize?client_id={}&redirect_uri={}&scope=read:user&state={}",
         cfg.oauth_base.trim_end_matches('/'),
@@ -65,7 +72,7 @@ pub fn authorize_url(cfg: &GitHubConfig, state: &str, mock_user: Option<&str>) -
     url
 }
 
-pub async fn exchange_code(
+pub async fn github_exchange_code(
     client: &Client,
     cfg: &GitHubConfig,
     code: &str,
@@ -90,14 +97,14 @@ pub async fn exchange_code(
         return Err(format!("github token HTTP {}", resp.status()));
     }
 
-    let body: TokenResponse = resp
+    let body: GitHubTokenResponse = resp
         .json()
         .await
         .map_err(|e| format!("github token parse failed: {e}"))?;
     Ok(body.access_token)
 }
 
-pub async fn fetch_user(
+pub async fn github_fetch_user(
     client: &Client,
     api_base: &str,
     access_token: &str,
@@ -120,10 +127,149 @@ pub async fn fetch_user(
         .map_err(|e| format!("github user parse failed: {e}"))
 }
 
-pub fn provider_id(user: &GitHubUser) -> String {
+pub fn github_provider_id(user: &GitHubUser) -> String {
     user.id.to_string()
 }
 
+// ── Reddit ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RedditConfig {
+    pub client_id: String,
+    pub client_secret: String,
+    pub redirect_uri: String,
+    /// Host for `/api/v1/authorize` (www.reddit.com in production).
+    pub authorize_base: String,
+    /// Host for `POST /api/v1/access_token`.
+    pub token_base: String,
+    /// Host for bearer `GET /api/v1/me` (oauth.reddit.com).
+    pub api_base: String,
+    pub user_agent: String,
+}
+
+/// Authorize page base; defaults to the same host as token POSTs.
+pub fn reddit_authorize_base() -> String {
+    std::env::var("REDDIT_OAUTH_AUTHORIZE_BASE")
+        .or_else(|_| std::env::var("REDDIT_OAUTH_BASE"))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| "https://www.reddit.com".into())
+}
+
+impl RedditConfig {
+    pub fn from_env(base_url: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let client_id = std::env::var("REDDIT_CLIENT_ID")
+            .or_else(|_| std::env::var("REDDIT_APP_ID"))
+            .ok()?;
+        let client_secret = std::env::var("REDDIT_CLIENT_SECRET")
+            .or_else(|_| std::env::var("REDDIT_APP_SECRET"))
+            .ok()?;
+        if client_id.is_empty() || client_secret.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let base = base_url.trim_end_matches('/');
+        Some(Self {
+            client_id,
+            client_secret,
+            redirect_uri: format!("{base}/auth/reddit/callback"),
+            authorize_base: reddit_authorize_base(),
+            token_base: reddit_oauth_token_base(),
+            api_base: reddit_oauth_api_base(),
+            user_agent: default_user_agent(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct RedditTokenResponse {
+    access_token: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub struct RedditUser {
+    /// Stable id (`t2_…`); never use `name` as identity.
+    pub id: String,
+    pub name: String,
+}
+
+pub fn reddit_authorize_url(cfg: &RedditConfig, state: &str, mock_user: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    let mut url = format!(
+        "{}/api/v1/authorize?client_id={}&response_type=code&state={}&redirect_uri={}&duration=temporary&scope=identity",
+        cfg.authorize_base.trim_end_matches('/'),
+        urlencoding::encode(&cfg.client_id),
+        urlencoding::encode(state),
+        urlencoding::encode(&cfg.redirect_uri),
+    );
+    if let Some(user) = mock_user {
+        url.push_str("&mock_user=");
+        url.push_str(&urlencoding::encode(user));
+    }
+    url
+}
+
+pub async fn reddit_exchange_code(
+    client: &Client,
+    cfg: &RedditConfig,
+    code: &str,
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let resp = client
+        .post(format!(
+            "{}/api/v1/access_token",
+            cfg.token_base.trim_end_matches('/')
+        ))
+        .header("User-Agent", &cfg.user_agent)
+        .basic_auth(&cfg.client_id, Some(&cfg.client_secret))
+        .form(&[
+            ("grant_type", "authorization_code"),
+            ("code", code),
+            ("redirect_uri", cfg.redirect_uri.as_str()),
+        ])
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| format!("reddit token request failed: {e}"))?;
+
+    if !resp.status().is_success() {
+        let status = resp.status();
+        let body = resp.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+        return Err(format!("reddit token HTTP {status}: {body}"));
+    }
+
+    let body: RedditTokenResponse = resp
+        .json()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| format!("reddit token parse failed: {e}"))?;
+    Ok(body.access_token)
+}
+
+pub async fn reddit_fetch_user(
+    client: &Client,
+    cfg: &RedditConfig,
+    access_token: &str,
+) -> Result<RedditUser, String> {
+    let resp = client
+        .get(format!(
+            "{}/api/v1/me",
+            cfg.api_base.trim_end_matches('/')
+        ))
+        .header("User-Agent", &cfg.user_agent)
+        .bearer_auth(access_token)
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| format!("reddit user request failed: {e}"))?;
+
+    if !resp.status().is_success() {
+        return Err(format!("reddit user HTTP {}", resp.status()));
+    }
+
+    resp.json()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| format!("reddit user parse failed: {e}"))
+}
+
+pub fn reddit_provider_id(user: &RedditUser) -> String {
+    user.id.clone()
+}
+
+// ── Shared helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
 pub fn validate_pseudonym(raw: &str) -> Result<String, &'static str> {
     let trimmed = raw.trim();
     if trimmed.is_empty() {
@@ -144,3 +290,12 @@ pub fn validate_pseudonym(raw: &str) -> Result<String, &'static str> {
 pub fn sanitize_pseudonym(login: &str) -> String {
     validate_pseudonym(login).unwrap_or_else(|_| "user".to_string())
 }
+
+/// Display name for a provider key (`github` → `GitHub`). Never show provider ids.
+pub fn provider_label(provider: &str) -> &'static str {
+    match provider {
+        "github" => "GitHub",
+        "reddit" => "Reddit",
+        _ => "OAuth",
+    }
+}
diff --git a/server/src/lib.rs b/server/src/lib.rs
index 84f2565b105fb302241b949af64bd5e49916eab2..0d948af1457504fdbd34d0b14261f65ac58da0ec 100644
--- a/server/src/lib.rs
+++ b/server/src/lib.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ pub fn create_app(state: AppState) -> Router {
         .route("/login/alias", get(crate::auth::alias_page))
         .route("/auth/github", get(crate::auth::github_start))
         .route("/auth/github/callback", get(crate::auth::github_callback))
+        .route("/auth/reddit", get(crate::auth::reddit_start))
+        .route("/auth/reddit/callback", get(crate::auth::reddit_callback))
         .route("/auth/logout", post(crate::auth::logout))
         .route("/auth/switch", post(crate::auth::switch_pseudonym))
         .route("/ui", post(crate::api::ui_html::post_ui_html))
diff --git a/server/src/projection_apply.rs b/server/src/projection_apply.rs
index 4fb4b48ee0a53b7f673fae0c9731eed5acc33332..f50458c2ff3c447a3cfd28adb298e6883a2da4e9 100644
--- a/server/src/projection_apply.rs
+++ b/server/src/projection_apply.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 //! child links, recent-vote appends) plus a cursor advance, all committed in
 //! one atomic `DisableWal` batch.
 
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
 use crate::{
     event_log::EventLogError,
     events::{Event, EventRecord},
@@ -44,6 +46,8 @@ pub fn apply_records(
     let db = projection_store.db();
     let mut batch = db.batch();
     let mut last_seq = 0u64;
+    // Weight reads must see earlier writes in this same batch.
+    let mut pending_weights: HashMap<String, f64> = HashMap::new();
 
     for record in records {
         match &record.event {
@@ -85,6 +89,7 @@ pub fn apply_records(
                 ensure_path_writes(&mut batch, &parsed);
             }
             Event::PrincipalCreated { uuid, .. } => {
+                pending_weights.insert(uuid.clone(), BASE_TRUST_WEIGHT);
                 batch.write(
                     Store::root()
                         .user_weights()
@@ -112,17 +117,25 @@ pub fn apply_records(
                     }
                 } else {
                     batch.write(Store::root().oauth_links().key(&link_key).set(uuid));
-                    let current = Store::root()
-                        .user_weights()
-                        .key(&uuid.clone())
-                        .get(db)
-                        .map_err(|e| EventLogError::Apply(e.to_string()))?
+                    let current = pending_weights
+                        .get(uuid)
+                        .copied()
+                        .or_else(|| {
+                            Store::root()
+                                .user_weights()
+                                .key(&uuid.clone())
+                                .get(db)
+                                .ok()
+                                .flatten()
+                        })
                         .unwrap_or(BASE_TRUST_WEIGHT);
+                    let next = trust_weight_after_link(current);
+                    pending_weights.insert(uuid.clone(), next);
                     batch.write(
                         Store::root()
                             .user_weights()
                             .key(&uuid.clone())
-                            .set(&trust_weight_after_link(current)),
+                            .set(&next),
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -205,6 +218,15 @@ mod tests {
                 ),
                 record(
                     3,
+                    Event::OauthLinked {
+                        uuid: uuid.into(),
+                        provider: "reddit".into(),
+                        provider_id: "t2_abc".into(),
+                        ts,
+                    },
+                ),
+                record(
+                    4,
                     Event::PseudonymClaimed {
                         uuid: uuid.into(),
                         pseudonym: "octocat".into(),
@@ -219,8 +241,12 @@ mod tests {
             oauth_link_owner(store.db(), "github", "42").unwrap(),
             Some(uuid.to_string())
         );
+        assert_eq!(
+            crate::storage_schema::linked_providers_for_uuid(store.db(), uuid).unwrap(),
+            vec!["github".to_string(), "reddit".to_string()]
+        );
         assert_eq!(resolve_actor_uuid(store.db(), "octocat").unwrap(), uuid);
-        assert_eq!(user_trust_weight(store.db(), uuid).unwrap(), 1.5);
+        assert_eq!(user_trust_weight(store.db(), uuid).unwrap(), 2.0);
         let aliases = Store::root()
             .user_pseudonyms()
             .key(&uuid.to_string())
diff --git a/server/src/storage_schema.rs b/server/src/storage_schema.rs
index b942810afd96d3bf01b7765718303a39be4ef8d2..dac6f8e6080e3f5683c24dbb8861f5a981d456c4 100644
--- a/server/src/storage_schema.rs
+++ b/server/src/storage_schema.rs
@@ -103,6 +103,25 @@ pub fn oauth_link_owner(db: &Db, provider: &str, provider_id: &str) -> durable::
         .get(db)
 }
 
+/// Provider names linked to a UUID (`github`, `reddit`, …). Private — for the
+/// account owner's page only; never expose which providers are linked publicly.
+pub fn linked_providers_for_uuid(db: &Db, uuid: &str) -> durable::Result<Vec<String>> {
+    let mut providers = Vec::new();
+    for (key, owner) in Store::root().oauth_links().iter(db)? {
+        if owner != uuid {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some((provider, _)) = key.split_once(':') else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if !providers.iter().any(|p| p == provider) {
+            providers.push(provider.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    providers.sort();
+    Ok(providers)
+}
+
 pub const RECENT_VOTES_CAP: u64 = 200;
 
 fn id_key(id: &ItemId) -> String {
diff --git a/test/support/harness.clj b/test/support/harness.clj
index 4505ece5aa193e826ca61c52f1467d252080d66b..741024aab1d14269e225791189633287980ae2e4 100644
--- a/test/support/harness.clj
+++ b/test/support/harness.clj
@@ -48,12 +48,15 @@
          "GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET" "test-secret"
          "GITHUB_OAUTH_BASE" (str "http://127.0.0.1:" oauth-port)
          "GITHUB_API_BASE" (str "http://127.0.0.1:" oauth-port)
+         ;; Reddit import fixtures + Reddit OAuth on reddit-port.
          "REDDIT_API_BASE" (str "http://127.0.0.1:" reddit-port)
+         "REDDIT_CLIENT_ID" "test-reddit"
+         "REDDIT_CLIENT_SECRET" "test-reddit-secret"
          "REDDIT_OAUTH_BASE" (str "http://127.0.0.1:" reddit-port)
-         "REDDIT_CLIENT_ID" ""
-         "REDDIT_CLIENT_SECRET" ""
-         "REDDIT_APP_ID" ""
-         "REDDIT_APP_SECRET" ""}))
+         "REDDIT_OAUTH_AUTHORIZE_BASE" (str "http://127.0.0.1:" reddit-port)
+         "REDDIT_OAUTH_TOKEN_BASE" (str "http://127.0.0.1:" reddit-port)
+         "REDDIT_OAUTH_API_BASE" (str "http://127.0.0.1:" reddit-port)
+         "REDDIT_USER_AGENT" "web:sorter2-test:v0 (by /u/test)"}))
 
 (defn with-auth-servers
   "Start mock Reddit + mock OAuth + release sorter2-server.
diff --git a/test/support/mock_oauth.clj b/test/support/mock_oauth.clj
index 909d7a7be8b159ea54a122d69c46af3db3318118..5ba7e9be3cf6d2226648e9609a09ed45f306930f 100644
--- a/test/support/mock_oauth.clj
+++ b/test/support/mock_oauth.clj
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 (ns test.support.mock-oauth
-  "In-process HTTP stub for GitHub OAuth (authorize, token, /user)."
+  "In-process HTTP stub for GitHub + Reddit OAuth (authorize, token, user)."
   (:require [clojure.string :as str])
   (:import [com.sun.net.httpserver HttpServer HttpHandler HttpExchange]
            [java.net InetSocketAddress URLDecoder]))
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@
                 (URLDecoder/decode (or v "") "UTF-8"))))
           (str/split query #"&"))))
 
-(defn- parse-mock-user [raw]
+(defn- parse-mock-user
+  "GitHub-style `id:login` (numeric id). Reddit-style `t2_xxx:name`."
+  [raw]
   (let [s (or raw "1002:newbie")
         [id login] (str/split s #":" 2)]
-    {:id (Long/parseLong id)
-     :login (or login "newbie")}))
+    {:id id
+     :login (or login "newbie")
+     :numeric? (re-matches #"\d+" id)}))
 
 (defn- send-json [^HttpExchange ex status body]
   (let [bytes (.getBytes body "UTF-8")]
@@ -31,9 +34,10 @@
   (.sendResponseHeaders ex 302 -1)
   (.close (.getResponseBody ex)))
 
-(defn- read-form-code [^HttpExchange ex]
+(defn- read-form [^HttpExchange ex]
   (let [body (slurp (.getInputStream ex))]
-    (query-param body "code")))
+    {:code (query-param body "code")
+     :grant (query-param body "grant_type")}))
 
 (defn- bearer-token [^HttpExchange ex]
   (some-> (.getRequestHeaders ex)
@@ -44,8 +48,18 @@
   (when (str/starts-with? token "mock:")
     (parse-mock-user (subs token 5))))
 
+(defn- authorize-redirect [exchange query]
+  (let [redirect-uri (query-param query "redirect_uri")
+        state (query-param query "state")
+        mock-user (query-param query "mock_user")
+        user (parse-mock-user mock-user)
+        code (str "mock:" (:id user) ":" (:login user))
+        loc (str redirect-uri "?code=" (java.net.URLEncoder/encode code "UTF-8")
+                 "&state=" (java.net.URLEncoder/encode state "UTF-8"))]
+    (send-redirect exchange loc)))
+
 (defn start-mock-oauth
-  "Start mock GitHub OAuth on `port`. Returns a zero-arg `stop` function."
+  "Start mock GitHub + Reddit OAuth on `port`. Returns a zero-arg `stop` function."
   [port]
   (let [server (HttpServer/create (InetSocketAddress. "127.0.0.1" port) 0)
         handler
@@ -53,28 +67,45 @@
           (handle [^HttpExchange exchange]
             (let [uri (.getRequestURI exchange)
                   path (.getPath uri)
-                  query (.getQuery uri)]
+                  query (.getQuery uri)
+                  method (.getRequestMethod exchange)]
               (cond
+                ;; GitHub authorize
                 (str/ends-with? path "/login/oauth/authorize")
-                (let [redirect-uri (query-param query "redirect_uri")
-                      state (query-param query "state")
-                      mock-user (query-param query "mock_user")
-                      user (parse-mock-user mock-user)
-                      code (str "mock:" (:id user) ":" (:login user))
-                      loc (str redirect-uri "?code=" (java.net.URLEncoder/encode code "UTF-8")
-                               "&state=" (java.net.URLEncoder/encode state "UTF-8"))]
-                  (send-redirect exchange loc))
+                (authorize-redirect exchange query)
+
+                ;; Reddit authorize
+                (str/ends-with? path "/api/v1/authorize")
+                (authorize-redirect exchange query)
 
-                (str/ends-with? path "/login/oauth/access_token")
-                (let [code (or (read-form-code exchange) "mock:1002:newbie")]
+                ;; GitHub token
+                (and (= method "POST") (str/ends-with? path "/login/oauth/access_token"))
+                (let [code (or (:code (read-form exchange)) "mock:1002:newbie")]
                   (send-json exchange 200 (str "{\"access_token\":\"" code "\",\"token_type\":\"bearer\"}")))
 
+                ;; Reddit token (client_credentials for import + authorization_code for login)
+                (and (= method "POST") (str/ends-with? path "/api/v1/access_token"))
+                (let [form (read-form exchange)
+                      grant (or (:grant form) "")
+                      code (or (:code form) "mock:t2_test:redditor")]
+                  (if (= grant "client_credentials")
+                    (send-json exchange 200 "{\"access_token\":\"app-token\",\"token_type\":\"bearer\",\"expires_in\":3600}")
+                    (send-json exchange 200 (str "{\"access_token\":\"" code "\",\"token_type\":\"bearer\",\"expires_in\":3600}"))))
+
+                ;; GitHub user
                 (= path "/user")
                 (let [token (bearer-token exchange)
-                      user (or (parse-token-user token) {:id 1002 :login "newbie"})]
+                      user (or (parse-token-user token) {:id "1002" :login "newbie" :numeric? true})]
                   (send-json exchange 200
                              (str "{\"id\":" (:id user) ",\"login\":\"" (:login user) "\"}")))
 
+                ;; Reddit /api/v1/me
+                (str/ends-with? path "/api/v1/me")
+                (let [token (bearer-token exchange)
+                      user (or (parse-token-user token) {:id "t2_test" :login "redditor"})]
+                  (send-json exchange 200
+                             (str "{\"id\":\"" (:id user) "\",\"name\":\"" (:login user) "\"}")))
+
                 :else
                 (send-json exchange 404 "{\"error\":\"not found\"}")))))]
     (.createContext server "/" handler)
diff --git a/test/support/mock_reddit.clj b/test/support/mock_reddit.clj
index 5efa92db3e1f79b8f423a2f1adcbda959123c1ad..a630cf0938722193e9af88382d60e777ff371be4 100644
--- a/test/support/mock_reddit.clj
+++ b/test/support/mock_reddit.clj
@@ -1,14 +1,56 @@
 (ns test.support.mock-reddit
-  "In-process HTTP stub for Reddit API fixtures (`test/fixtures/reddit/`)."
+  "In-process HTTP stub for Reddit API fixtures + OAuth login endpoints."
   (:require [clojure.java.io :as io]
             [clojure.string :as str])
   (:import [com.sun.net.httpserver HttpServer HttpHandler HttpExchange]
-           [java.net InetSocketAddress]))
+           [java.net InetSocketAddress URLDecoder]))
 
 (defn fixtures-dir
   ([] (fixtures-dir (System/getProperty "user.dir")))
   ([root] (str root "/test/fixtures/reddit")))
 
+(defn- query-param [query key]
+  (when query
+    (some (fn [pair]
+            (let [[k v] (str/split pair "=" 2)]
+              (when (= k key)
+                (URLDecoder/decode (or v "") "UTF-8"))))
+          (str/split query #"&"))))
+
+(defn- parse-mock-user [raw]
+  (let [s (or raw "t2_test:redditor")
+        [id login] (str/split s #":" 2)]
+    {:id id :login (or login "redditor")}))
+
+(defn- send-bytes [^HttpExchange ex status ^bytes body content-type]
+  (.set (.getResponseHeaders ex) "Content-Type" content-type)
+  (.sendResponseHeaders ex status (alength body))
+  (doto (.getResponseBody ex)
+    (.write body)
+    (.close)))
+
+(defn- send-json [^HttpExchange ex status body]
+  (send-bytes ex status (.getBytes body "UTF-8") "application/json"))
+
+(defn- send-redirect [^HttpExchange ex location]
+  (.set (.getResponseHeaders ex) "Location" location)
+  (.sendResponseHeaders ex 302 -1)
+  (.close (.getResponseBody ex)))
+
+(defn- read-form [^HttpExchange ex]
+  (let [body (slurp (.getInputStream ex))]
+    {:code (query-param body "code")
+     :grant (query-param body "grant_type")}))
+
+(defn- bearer-token [^HttpExchange ex]
+  (some-> (.getRequestHeaders ex)
+          (.getFirst "Authorization")
+          (str/replace #"^[Bb]earer " "")))
+
+(defn- parse-token-user [token]
+  (when (str/starts-with? token "mock:")
+    (parse-mock-user (subs token 5))))
+
 (defn start-mock-reddit
   "Start a mock Reddit API on `port`. Returns a zero-arg `stop` function."
   ([port] (start-mock-reddit port (fixtures-dir)))
@@ -19,15 +61,38 @@
          handler
          (proxy [HttpHandler] []
            (handle [^HttpExchange exchange]
-             ;; `/r/<sub>/about.json` → subreddit entity; `/r/<sub>.json` → listing.
-             (let [path (.getPath (.getRequestURI exchange))
-                   body (if (str/includes? path "/about")
-                          about
-                          listing)]
-               (.sendResponseHeaders exchange 200 (alength body))
-               (let [out (.getResponseBody exchange)]
-                 (.write out body)
-                 (.close out)))))]
+             (let [uri (.getRequestURI exchange)
+                   path (.getPath uri)
+                   query (.getQuery uri)
+                   method (.getRequestMethod exchange)]
+               (cond
+                 (str/ends-with? path "/api/v1/authorize")
+                 (let [redirect-uri (query-param query "redirect_uri")
+                       state (query-param query "state")
+                       user (parse-mock-user (query-param query "mock_user"))
+                       code (str "mock:" (:id user) ":" (:login user))
+                       loc (str redirect-uri "?code=" (java.net.URLEncoder/encode code "UTF-8")
+                                "&state=" (java.net.URLEncoder/encode state "UTF-8"))]
+                   (send-redirect exchange loc))
+
+                 (and (= method "POST") (str/ends-with? path "/api/v1/access_token"))
+                 (let [form (read-form exchange)
+                       grant (or (:grant form) "")
+                       code (or (:code form) "mock:t2_test:redditor")]
+                   (if (= grant "client_credentials")
+                     (send-json exchange 200 "{\"access_token\":\"app-token\",\"token_type\":\"bearer\",\"expires_in\":3600}")
+                     (send-json exchange 200 (str "{\"access_token\":\"" code "\",\"token_type\":\"bearer\",\"expires_in\":3600}"))))
+
+                 (str/ends-with? path "/api/v1/me")
+                 (let [user (or (parse-token-user (bearer-token exchange))
+                                {:id "t2_test" :login "redditor"})]
+                   (send-json exchange 200
+                              (str "{\"id\":\"" (:id user) "\",\"name\":\"" (:login user) "\"}")))
+
+                 ;; `/r/<sub>/about.json` → subreddit entity; `/r/<sub>.json` → listing.
+                 :else
+                 (let [body (if (str/includes? path "/about") about listing)]
+                   (send-bytes exchange 200 body "application/json"))))))]
      (.createContext server "/" handler)
      (.setExecutor server nil)
      (.start server)